Introduction to Renewable Energy for

Engineers
First Edition

Chapter 2
Solar Energy

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Figure 2.1 Solar Water Heating System

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Figure 2.2 Concentrating Solar Power
Systems

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Figure 2.3 Concentrating Solar Power
Plant

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Figure 2.4 Photovoltaic Hierarchy

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Figure 2.5 Grid-Connected Photovoltaic
System

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Table 2.1 Values of LSTM for North
American Time Zones

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Figure 2.6 Solar Angles

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Figure 2.7 Solar and Collector Angles

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Figure 2.8 Solar Irradiance Consists of Three
Components: Direct, Scattered, and Reflected Radiation

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Table 2.2 Apparent Solar Irradiation, A, Atmospheric
Extinction Coefficient, B, and Ratio of Diffuse Radiation
on a Horizontal Surface to Direct Normal Irradiation, C,
in the Northern Hemisphere

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Table 2.3 Typical Foreground Reflectivity
Values

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Table 2.4 Total Solar Irradiances for
Example 2.3

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Figure 2.9 Total Solar Irradiance Graph
for Example 2.3

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Figure 2.10 The Mars Opportunity Rover
Utilizes Photovoltaic Solar Panels for Electrical
Power Generation. (NASA)

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Table 2.5 Summary of Calculations for
Example 2.4

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Figure 2.11 Total Solar Irradiance for
Example 2.4

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Figure 2.12 Optimum Panel Tilt Angle

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Figure 2.13 Cars Qualifying for the
American Solar Challenge

(David Parsons/NREL)

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Figure 2.14 Flat Plate Solar Collector

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Figure 2.15 A Roof-Mounted Flat Plate
Solar Collector for Heating Water

(Pavel Vakhrushev/Shutterstock)

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Figure 2.16 The Domestic Hot Water
Temperature Is Limited by the Outlet
Temperature of the Working Fluid

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Figure 2.17 The Gemasolar Power Plant, Located in
Seville, Spain, Has a Powergeneration Capacity of
19.9 MW

(Greg Glatzmaier/NREL 19807 at Gemasolar Plant owned by

Torresol Energy)
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Figure 2.18 A Concentrating Solar Power
Plant That Uses Trough Collectors

(Kramer Junction Company/NREL)

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Figure 2.19 Concentration of Sunlight by a
Parabolic Surface

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Figure 2.20 Storage and Extraction of Solar
Thermal Energy

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Copyright

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