CHAPTER 1 :

KINEMATICS
 Type of Motion
 Motion in a straight Line
 Position, Distance & Displacement
 Average Speed and velocity
 Instantaneous Velocity
 Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
 Motion Graph
 Equation for motion with Constant Acceleration
 Free Fall Acceleration
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be
able to :

i. distinguish between distance and

displacement, speed and velocity,
acceleration and deceleration
ii. sketch the motion graphs and perform the
graphical analysis
iii. apply the equation of motion for an object
moves at a constant acceleration
iv. understand and solve the problem relating
to free fall motion
 INTRODUCTION
 Kinematics is the branch of mechanics
which studies the motion of objects without
considering the forces that causes the
motion.
 There are three types of motion which are :
a) linear/straight motion
b) arc motion and circular
c) rotational motion.

 Linear motion is a motion along a straight

line.
 Involves a concept of displacement, velocity
and acceleration.
LINEAR QUANTITIES
Example 1:
Imagine a person walking 70 m to the East and then
turning around and
walking back a distance of 30 m. Determine the
displacement and distance
the person walk.
Solution :

40 m, east, 100 m
 LINEAR QUANTITIES
 

 
 LINEAR QUANTITIES

 Average Velocity
• the measure of the average change of position
(displacement) of a body in any given time interval.

Instantaneous Velocity
• how fast the car moves and the direction of motion
at each instant of time
Example 2:
An object moves from P to Q in 3s and from Q to R in
2s. Determine
the speed and velocity of the object. R

Solution :
4m

P Q
3m

1.4 m/s, 1 m/s

 LINEAR MOTION (RECTILINEAR
MOTION )
Acceleration, a
• Rate of change of velocity ( any change in speed
or direction ) 𝑑𝑣
 
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡

• Vector quantity, SI unit; ms-2

• Acceleration can be positive (speeding up), or it
can be negative (slowing down @ deceleration)
• There is a difference between negative
acceleration and deceleration:
 negative acceleration is acceleration in the
negative direction as defined by the
coordinate system.
 LINEAR QUANTITIES

 Average acceleration
• the ratio of change in velocity to the change in time
for a given interval.

Instantaneous acceleration
• the acceleration of the moving body at any instant
of time
Test Your Understanding

A stone is thrown vertically with a velocity, 20m/s and

returns to its original position. Sketch the graphs of
speed against time and velocity against time to show
its motion.
Test Your Understanding

Based on the graph below, describe the motion of

the particle.
v
B

E
A t
C

D
 MOTION GRAPH

• Constant acceleration motion can be characterized

by motion equation and by motion graphs.
• Motion graphs tell us how far a body has travelled,
how fast it is moving and all the speed.
• Motion of a body can be illustrated by:
i) Position – time graph (distance or displacement)
ii) Velocity – time graph (speed or velocity)
iii) Acceleration – time graph
 MOTION GRAPH
1) Position - time graph (s-t graph)
• Distance(or displacement) of a body from start
point is measured.
• The gradient of the graph gives the speed (or
Case 1 : ofAthe
velocity) body is
motion. Case 3 : A body is
travelling travelling
s at a constant
s with decreasing
velocity velocity

t t

Case 2 : A body is Case 4 :A body is at

travelling rest
s
s with increasing
velocity

t t
 MOTION GRAPH
2) Velocity - time graph (v-t graph)
• Gradient of the graph gives the acceleration of the
motion.
• Area under the graph give the distance(displacement)
travelled
Case 1 : byA the object.
body is Case 3 : A body is
travelling travelling
v at a constant v with uniform
velocity acceleration

t t
Case 4 :A body is travelling
Case 2 : A body is
with non-uniform
travelling
acceleration
v with uniform v
deceleration

t t
 MOTION GRAPH
3) Acceleration - time graph (a-t graph)
• a-t graph gives the acceleration of a moving object
at different times.
• Area under the graph the graph gives the velocity
of the motion.
Case 1 : A body is Case 3 : A body is travelling
travelling with increasing
a at a constant acceleration
acceleration a

t
t
Case 2 : A body is
travelling
a with zero
acceleration

t
 MOTION GRAPH

Displacement
Displacement
Example 3:
v / ms-1

B C
20

A D
0 4 10 12 t /s

From the v-t graph above, describe the motion of the

object and
determine :
a) acceleration from A to B
b) acceleration from C to D
c) total distance moved
Solution :

5 m/s2, -10 m/s2, 180 m

Example 4 :
The acceleration – time graph of a car which starts from
rest is as shown.
Acceleration, ms-2

Time, s
-2 10 20 30

Determine:
a) The velocity of the car during i) 10 s and ii) 30 s
b) Sketch the velocity – time graph
c) From the velocity-time graph, calculate the distance
travelled by
the car in 30 s.
Solution :

40 m/s, - 40 m/s,600 m
Solution :
 MOTION AT CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
 
 MOTION AT CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
 
 MOTION AT CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
 
Example 5 :
A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly. After
10 s, its displacement is 25 m. Calculate
a) the velocity of the car at 10 s.
b) the acceleration of the car at 10 s.
c) the displacement in the next 10 s if the car continues
its motion with
the same acceleration.

Solution :

5 m/s, 0.5 m/s2, 75 m

Solution :
Example 6 :
A car is accelerating uniformly as it passes two
checkpoints that are 30 m apart. The time taken between
checkpoints is 4.0 s and the car speed at the first
checkpoint is 5.0 m/s. Find the car acceleration and its
speed at the second checkpoint.
Solution :

1.25 m/s2, 10 m/s

Example 7:
The driver of a car slams on the brakes when he sees a
tree blocking the road. The car slows uniformly with the
acceleration of 5.6 m/s2 for 4.2 s, making straight skid
mark 62.4 m long ending at the tree. Calculate the speed
as the car hit the tree.
Solution :

3.1 m/s
Example 8 :
A lift is accelerated from rest to 5 m/s at a rate of 2.5
m/s2. It then moves at a constant velocity for 10 s and
then decelerates to rest at 2.0 m/s2.
 
a) sketch the velocity-time graph
b) determine the distance travelled by the lift
c) determine the average velocity of the lift

Solution :

61.25 m, 4.22 m/s

Solution :

31
 FREE FALL MOTION
• Free fall motion is a motion of an body under
the influence of gravity and experiences
constant acceleration, regardless of its initial
motion.
• The acceleration of free-falling objects is called
the acceleration due to gravity, g since objects
are pulled towards the centre of the earth.
• Acceleration due to gravity, g not depend on
size, shape, mass.
• Free-falling objects do not encounter air
resistance.

*** g = 9.81 ms-2 on earth, varies for other planets

32
 FREE FALL MOTION
1) The direction of motion are now along the vertical y-
axis.

2) Vector quantities (displacement, initial velocity & final

velocity) are positive in an upward motion & negative
in a downward motion (*** for given quantity only)

3) The free-fall acceleration is ALWAYS NEGATIVE in an

upward & a downward motion.

4) Time is ALWAYS POSITIVE.

+ s y, + u y, + v y -2
- g = - 9 .8 1 m s
re fe re nc e re fe re nc e
le ve l le ve l
-2
- s y, - u y, - v y - g = - 9 .8 1 m s
Example 9 :
An object is released from rest at height, 20 m from a
building . When it reaches the ground calculate its
a) time
b) velocity
(Ignoring air resistance)
Solution :

2.02 s, -19.82 m/s

 Example 10 :
A stone is thrown straight upward with a speed of 20 m/s.
It is caught on its way down at point 5 m above where it
was thrown.
a) How fast was it going when it was caught ?
b) How long did the trip take?
Solution :

-17 m/s, 3.8 s