Professional Documents
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Chapter 7
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Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 7e • Carroll & Buchholtz
Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
Chapter 8 Learning Outcomes
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Chapter 8 Outline
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Introduction to Chapter 8
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Levels at Which Ethical Issues
May Be Addressed
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Levels at Which Ethical Issues
May Be Addressed
Situations where a manager or
Industry organization might influence
Level business ethics at the industry level
Local-to-global situations
Societal and confronted indirectly as a
Global Levels management team
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Personal and Managerial Ethics
Conventional
Conventional approach
approach
Resolving
Resolving
Ethical
Ethical Principles
Principles approach
approach
Conflicts
Conflicts
Ethical
Ethical tests
tests approach
approach
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Types of Ethical Principles
Teleological
Teleological Focus
Focus on
on the
the consequences
consequences or or
Theories
Theories results
results of
of the
the actions
actions they
they produce
produce
Deontological
Deontological Focus
Focus on
on duties
duties
Theories
Theories
Aretaic
Aretaic Focus
Focus on
on virtue
virtue
Theories
Theories
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Utilitarianism Care
Rights Virtue ethics
Justice Servant leadership
Golden Rule
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Principle of Utilitarianism
Strengths Weaknesses
Forces thinking about the Ignores actions that may be
general welfare and inherently wrong
stakeholders
May come into conflict with
Allows personal decisions to fit the idea of justice
into the situation complexities
Difficult to formulate satisfactory
rules for decision making
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Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Kant’s Categorical Imperative is a duty-based principle of ethics.
A sense of duty arises from reason
or rational nature.
Formulations
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Principle of Rights
Figure 8-1 13
Principle of Justice
Types of justice
Distributive
Compensatory
Procedural
Rawlsian
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Ethical Due Process
Process Fairness
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Rawls’s Principles of Justice
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Ethic of Care and Virtue Ethics
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Servant Leadership
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Servant Leadership
Characteristics of Servant Leaders
Listening Bridges
Empathy Business Ethics
Healing and
Persuasion Leadership
Awareness
Foresight
Conceptualization
Commitment to the growth of
people
Stewardship
Building community
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The Golden Rule
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Ethical Principles
The Categorical Imperative The Means-Ends Ethic
The Conventionalist Ethic The Might-Equals-Right Ethic
The Disclosure Rule The Organization Ethic
The Golden Rule The Professional Ethic
The Hedonistic Ethic The Proportionality Principle
The Intuition Ethic The Revelation Ethic
The Market Ethic The Utilitarian Ethic
Figure 8-2 21
Reconciling Ethical Conflicts
Concerns
Concernsto
tobe
beAddressed
Addressedin
inEthical
EthicalConflicts
Conflicts
Obligations
Obligations
Ideals
Ideals
Effects
Effects
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Guidelines for Conflicting
Obligations, Ideals, and Effects
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Ethical Tests Approach
Test
Test of
of Common
Common Sense
Sense
Test
Test of
of One’s
One’s Best
Best Self
Self
Test
Test of
of Making
Making Something
Something Public
Public
Test
Test of
of Ventilation
Ventilation
Test
Test of
of the
the Purified
Purified Idea
Idea
Big
Big Four
Four (greed,
(greed, speed,
speed, laziness,
laziness, or
or haziness)
haziness)
Gag
Gag Test
Test 24
Factors Affecting the
Morality of Managers
Society’s Moral Climate
Business’s Moral Climate
Industry’s Moral Climate
Organization’s Moral Climate
Superiors
Superiors
Individual
Individual
One’s
One’sPersonal
Personal Policies
Policies
Situation
Situation
Peers
Peers
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Figure 8-4
Factors Affecting the
Organization’s Moral Climate
1. Behavior of superiors
2. Behavior of one’s peers in the organization
3. Ethical practices of one’s industry or profession
4. Society’s moral climate
5. Formal organizational policy (or lack of one)
6. Personal financial need
Figure 8-5 26
Pressures Exerted on Employees
by Superiors
Managers feel under pressure to compromise
personal standards to achieve company goals.
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Questionable Organizational Climates
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Figure 8-6
Improving the Ethical Climate
Board
Boardof
ofDirectors’
Directors’ Ethics
EthicsAudits
Auditsand
and
Oversight
Oversight Risk
RiskAssessments
Assessments
Ethics
EthicsPrograms
Programs
and
andOfficers
Officers
Effective
Effective
Communication
Communication
Realistic
Realistic Top
Top
Objectives
Objectives Management
Management
Leadership
Leadership Ethics
EthicsTraining
Training
Ethical Moral
Moral
EthicalDecision-
Decision-
Making
MakingProcesses
Processes Management
Management
Corporate
Corporate
Transparency
Transparency
Codes
Codesof
of
Conduct
Conduct Discipline
Disciplineof
of Whistle-Blowing
Whistle-Blowing
Violators
Violators Mechanisms
Mechanisms 29
Figure 8-7
Pillars of Leadership
Ethical Leadership
Role
Role
Traits
Traits Modeling
Moral Manager
Moral Person
Modeling
Ethics
Ethics
Behaviors
Behaviors Communication
Communication
Decision
Decision Effective
EffectiveRewards
Rewards
Making
Making and Discipline
and Discipline
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Ethical Leadership Characteristics
Articulate and embody the purpose and values of the
organization
Focus on organizational success rather than on personal ego
Find the best people and develop them
Create a living conversation about ethics, values, and value for
stakeholders
Create mechanisms of dissent
Take a charitable understanding of others’ values
Make tough calls while being imaginative
Know the limits of the values and ethical principles they live
Frame actions in ethical terms
Connect the basic value proposition to stakeholder support and
societal legitimacy
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Effective Communication
Candor
Fidelity
Confidentiality
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Features of Ethics Programs
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Key Elements for Ethics Programs
Compliance standards
High-level ethics personnel
Avoidance of delegation of undue discretionary authority
Effective communication
Systems for monitoring, auditing, and reporting
Enforcement
Detecting offenses, preventing future offenses
Keeping up with industry standards
Figure 8-8
Source: U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines 34
Ethical Decision-Making Process
Figure 8-9
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Ethics Check
1. Is it legal?
2. Is it balanced?
3. How will it make me feel about myself?
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Texas Instruments Ethics Quick Test
1. Is it legal?
2. Is it within Sears’ shared beliefs and policies?
3. Is it right / fair / appropriate?
4. Would I want everyone to know about this?
5. How will I feel about myself?
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Benefits of Ethics Codes
Employment practices
Employee, client, and vendor information
Public information / communications
Conflicts of interest
Relationships with vendors
Environmental issues
Ethical management practices
Political involvement
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How Codes of Conduct Influence Behavior
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Purposes of Ethics Training
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Corporate Transparency
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Board of Director
Leadership and Oversight
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From Moral Decisions to
Moral Organizations
Moral
Moral Decisions
Decisions
Moral
Moral Managers
Managers
Moral
Moral Organizations
Organizations
Figure 8-10 45
Key Terms