MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Group- 1
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 CONTENTS
 What is Central Tendency?
 Arithmetic Mean(AM) With
Calculation
 Median With Example
 Mode With Example
 Geometric Mean(GM) With
Calculation
 Harmonic Mean(HM) With
Calculation

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 Central Tendency
The central tendency is measured by
averages. These describe the point about
which the various observed values
cluster.

In mathematics, an average, or central

tendency of a data set refers to a
measure of the "middle" or "expected"
value of the data set. 3
 Measures of Central Tendency
There are 5 Measures of central
Tendency:
Arithmetic Mean(AM)
Median
Mode
Geometric Mean(GM)
Harmonic Mean(HM)
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 Arithmetic Mean(AM)
o The arithmetic mean is the sum of a set
of observations, positive, negative or
zero, divided by the number of
observations.

o If we have “n” real numbers x1,x2,x3,

x
……………… n

their arithmetic mean, denoted by , can be

expressed as:
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Calculation of ARITHMETIC MEAN
 Find the arithmetic Mean of 9,3,7,3,8,10,2

 By using the formula of Arithmetic Mean We get,

 So, The Arithmetic Mean = 6

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 Median

The Median is the value that falls in the middle

when the observations are ordered into either
ascending or descending numerical
order.

 If n is odd, The Median is the middle value

If n is even, The Median is the average of the two
middle values.
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 How to Find The Median
 To find the median, first the data set must
be sort into either ascending or
descending numerical order.

• Then, Select the median

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 EXAMPLE of MEDIAN
 Find the Median from the data set:
3 , 12 , 4 , 6 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 5 , 8

After sorting from smallest to largest we get-

1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12
Now,
The Median is 4

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 Mode

 Mode is the value of a distribution for which

the frequency is maximum. In other words,
mode is the value of a variable, which occurs
with the highest frequency.

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 Example of MODE
Find the mode of the data set :1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3,

 Here,
3 is the maximum times in the data set So, The
Median is 3.

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 Example of MODE
 Find the median from the data set: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,
5

 Here,
2 is two times and 3 is two times also

So, The data set has two modes 2 and 3.

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 Geometric Mean(GM)
Geometric mean is defined as the positive
root of the product of observations.

Symbolically,

GM=(x1*x2*x3*…………………….*xn)1/n
Calculation of GEOMETRIC MEAN
 Find the Geometric Mean of 6,8,10,5,18

 By using the formula of Geometric Mean We

get,
GM=(6*8*10*5*18)1/5
=(43200)1/5
=8.454
o This example will guide you to calculate the
harmonic mean manually 14
 Harmonic Mean(HM)
 Harmonic mean is used to calculate the average of a
set of numbers. Here the number of elements will
be averaged and divided by the sum of the
reciprocals of the elements. The Harmonic mean is
always the lowest mean.

 Harmonic Mean Formula :

HM = N/(1/a1+1/a2+1/a3+1/a4+.......+1/aN)
Where,
X = Individual score, N = Sample size (Number
of scores)

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Calculation of HARMONIC MEAN
 To find the Harmonic Mean of 1,2,3,4,5

 Step 1:
Calculate the total number of values. N = 5
 Step 2:
Now find Harmonic Mean using the above formula.
 HM=N/(1/a1+1/a2+1/a3+1/a4+.......+1/aN)
= 5/(1/1+1/2+1/3+1/4+1/5)
= 5/(1+0.5+0.33+0.25+0.2)
= 5/2.28
So, Harmonic Mean = 2.19
 This example will guide you to calculate the harmonic mean
manually
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THANK YOU

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