ASSINGMENT ON

NOMENCLATURE
OF
ORGANIC COMPOUND

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

DR.SHOBHA THAKUR RITIK DWIVEDI
18BSPCM020
CHEM-414
BSc (Pcm) 1st year
 INRODUCTION
Organic chemistry is a vast branch of chemistry as million of
organic compounds are already known and thousand of new
compounds are being added to this list every year. In early days
of organic chemistry each new compound was given an
individual name such a name was based on the source ,some
property,or some other trivial reason .Thus formic acid HCOOH
was so named as it was obtained by distillation of red ants
(Latin, formica =ants). An ordinary name given
to a compound without reference to its structure is called a
common name or trivial name. The common name are like nick
name. With the rapid growth of organic chemistry the number
of compounds increased fantastically .It became impossible to
give common names to such a large number of compounds.
 IUPAC SYSTEM
The first rational system of naming organic compounds was evolved in 1892 by
the international chemical congress at geneva under the name of Geneva
System of nomenclature. However the system could not be successfully applied
to complicated and multifunctional organic compounds .This system was partially
revised in 1931 and the revised system was referred to IUC system .Modification
In this system have been made from time to time by the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry and in its present form the system is known as
IUPAC system (pronounced as eye-you –pack). This system has been evolved in
1957 and some additions and subtractions were done in 1967. The IUPAC system
has set rules for naming organic compounds on the basis of their structure.These
rules under went further modifications in 1979 and later revised in 1993.The name
assigned on basis of latest IUPAC rules to an organic compound is known as its
systematic name.
 BASIC RULES OF
NOMENCLATURE
Each systematic name has two or three of the following parts :
1.Root word 2.Primary suffix 3.Secondary suffix
1.Root word: The basic unit is a series of root word which indicate linear or
Continuous chain of carbon atoms.
Primary suffix : Primary suffix are added to the root
words to show saturation or unsaturation in a carbon
atom.
3.Secondary suffixes : Suffixes added after the
primary suffix to indicate the presence of a particula
functional group in the carbon chain are known as
secondary suffixes.
 ARRANGEMENT OF PREFIXES
ROOT WORD AND SUFFIXES

These are arranged as follows while writing the

name.
Prefix + Root word +Primary suffix +Secondary
suffix

3-Bromopropanoic acid 4-Methylpent-2-en-1

ol
Prefix = Bromo Prefix = Methyl
Root word = But Root word = Pent
Primary suffix= -ane Primary suffix= -ene
Secondary suffix = Secondary suffix =
-oic acid -ol
 Functional Groups
1.Carboxylic acid: Compounds containing
carboxylic group are called carboxylic acids.
Carboxylic group

2. Acid chloride: In these compounds OH

part of carbonyl group is replaced by Cl
atom.

3.Amides: OH part of carbonyl group is replaced

by NH2.
4.Ester: OH part is removed of carbonyl group
is replaced by OR

5.Acid anhydride: OH part is replaced by OCOR.

6.Aldehyde: These compound contain

aldehyde group.
7.Ketone: Ketones are the compounds in which
the carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl
group.

8.Alcohol: Hydroxy derivative of hydrocarbon

are called alcohols.

9.Ether: These compounds contain an oxygen

atom bounded to two alkyl groups.
10.Cynide: These compound contain –CN group
attached to an alkyl group .

11.Isocyanide: These compound contain -NC

group.

12.Alkene: These are which compounds in

which there is a double bond between two
carbon atom.

13.Alkyne:These are compound in which there

is a triple bond between two carbon atom.
RULES FOR NAMING COMPLEX ALIPHATIC COMPOUND WHEN
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS ABSENT

1.Longest chain rule :-The first step in naming an organic compound is to

select the longest continuous chain of carbon atom which may be or may not
be branched .This continuous chain is called parent chain or main chain .The
other carbon chain attached to it are called side chain or substituents.
2.Numbering of carbon atoms of the longest chain:- The carbon atom of the
longest chain are numbered by arabic numerals 1,2,3….etc. The carbon atom
carrying first substituent get lowest possible number. However in case of
more than one substituent lowest set of locants rule is followed . In case of
same substituent their position are indicated by prefixes such as di ,tri , tetra
etc. If different substituent are attached to parent chain their names are
arranged in alphabetical order.
 RULES FOR NAMING COMPLEX ALIPHATIC
COMPOUND CONTAINING ONE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

1. Longest chain: The parent chain is so chosen as to include

the functional group even if it is not the actual longest
continuous chain

2.Numbering of parent chain : The numbering is done in

such a way that the carbon linking to functional group gets
the lowest number
3.The last ‘e’ of the primary suffix is dropped and the
secondary suffix representing the functional group is added.

Hexane-2-one

4.Numerical prefixes di ,tri , tetra etc. are attached before the

designations of functional group if two or more identical group are
present.

Ethane-1,2-diol

Ehane-1,2-dioic acid
RULES FOR NAMING ALIPHATIC COMPOUND HAVING
POLYFUNCTIONAL GROUP
1.The first step in the naming of poly functional
compounds is the selection of principal functional group
on the basis of higher priority.

2.Locate the longest chain containing the principal

functional group and as many of the secondary functional
groups and multiple bonds as possible.

5-Formy-3-hydroxy-2-nitropentanoic acid
3.Select the corresponding root word for the
chain selected.
4. Number the carbon atoms of chain selected
from the end
so that the various groups get as small numbers
as possible
5.
andAttach to the root
the principal word the
functional primary
group getssuffix
the lowest
representing
number. the nature of carbon-carbon bond in
selected chain .
6. Add suitable prefixes and secondary suffixes wi
their
respective numbers of attachment to parent chain
as to
denote the number and position of each substitue
or
 NOMENCLATURE OF POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
ONTAINING MORE THAN TWO LIKE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

If an unbranched carbon chain is directly linked to more than two like

functional groups ,the organic compound is named as a derivative of
parent alkane which does not include the carbon atom of functional
groups.

Butane-1,2,4-tricarbonitrile Propane-1,2,3-
tricaroaldehyde
NOMENCLATURE OF ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS

1.Cycloalkanes: These are named by adding the prefix

cyclo to the name of alkane having the same number of
carbon atoms as in the ring.

Cyclopropan
e
In case the alkane chain contains greater number of
carbon atom than present in the ring ,the
compound is considered as the derivative of alkane
and ring is designated as a substituent.

1-Cyclobutylpentane 2-Cyclopropylbutane
2.Cycloalkenes and cycloalkanes :

Cyclobutene
Cyclohexene

3-
Methylcyclohexene
 ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Alicyclic alcohols , aldehydes, amines ketones , acid etc. are named in the
same fashion as corresponding aliphatic compound by prefixing the word
cyclo before the name.

Cyclohexanone Cyclobutanamine
If an alicyclic ring is directly attached to a carbon containing
functional group , then the carbon atom of the functional group is
not included in the parent name of the alicyclic system.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

Cyclohexanecarboaldehyde
In case of cyclic ketone any functional group present in the
ring is treated as substituent and keto group is always treated
as principal functional group .This rule is applicable till the
number of carbon in substituent is less or equal to the
number of carbon atom present in the ring.

2-Carboxycyclohexanone 3-Formylcyclohexanone
 NOMENCLATURE OF
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
1. A six membered closed chain structure with alternate single
and double bonds is known as benzene nucleus or ring . The root
word for benzene derivative is benzene.

Benzene may be represented in above ways

2.The name of the mono substituted benzene
compounds are usually derived by prefixing the
name of the substituent before word benzene.

Hdroxybenzene
Methylbenzene
3.A carbon chain connected to one of the carbon atom of
the benzene ring through a carbon atoms , other atom
those of simple functional group is called side chain . The
side chain substituent are generally named as aliphatic
compounds in which the aromatic portion is shown as a
substituent.

2-Phenyl ethanoic acid

3-Phenyl propane nitrile
4. When two similar substituents are attached
to the benzene ring , the relative position of the
substituent is indicated by the symbols o-(1,2),
m-(1,3) or p-(1,4).

1,2-Dimethylbenzene m-Dihydroxybenzene
If two substituents are different and the
compound has no special name on account of
any substituent the two substituent are
named successively in alphabetical order and
name end with suffix benzene.

1-Bromo-2-cholrobenzene
1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene
If one of group is such tat it gave special name to the
compound is named as its derivative and the special
group is assigned the position 1.
The position of numbers are always designated by the
lowest combination of numbers

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol