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Basic Definitions
Buoyancy effect:
Ts=100C
Film temperature( Tf): averaged boundary layer temperature Tf=1/2(Ts+T )=50 C.
kf=0.03 W/m.K, Pr=0.7, =210-5 m2/s, =1/Tf=1/(273+50)=0.0031(1/K)
g (TS T ) L3 (9.8)(0.0031)(100 0)(0.1) 3
Ra Pr (0.7) 7.6 10 6
.
2 5 2
(2 10 )
0.387 Ra1/ 6
NuD {0.6 }2
26.0 (equation 11.15 in Table 11.1)
[1 (0.559 / Pr) ]
9 /16 8 / 27
kf 0.03
h NuD (26) 7.8(W / m 2 K )
D 0.1
q hA(TS T ) (7.8)( )( 0.1)(1)(100 0) 244.9(W )
Can be significant if the pipe are long.