How was it built ?

Transportation of material

They used three ways to get the materials up the mountains and across the plains.

Carried by hand
• Carried stones and Used wheelbarrows and
bricks by hand, or on ropes
Animal use ?
their backs Basket and pulley
Maybe they used goats
• Used bamboo baskets systems were used over
and horses to
used soil, sand deep valleys, and
transport material over
• Human chains were materials were also
steep mountain
also used to pass the pulled to the top of the
regions
blocks and baskets Great Wall on ropes.
up.
Basket and pulley systems were used over deep valleys, and materials were also pulled to the top of the Great Wall on ropes.
Most of the (restored) Great Wall sections we see today were built with bricks, and cut stone blocks/slabs. Where bricks
and blocks weren't available, tamped earth, uncut stones, wood, and even reeds were used as local materials.

Wood was used for forts and as an auxiliary (support ) material. 

Stone Great Wall Sections

In mountain areas, workers quarried stone to build the Great Wall. Using the mountains themselves as footings, the outer
layer of the Great Wall was built with stone blocks (and bricks), and filled with uncut stone and anything else available
(like earth and dead workers).

Soil Great Wall Sections

On the plains Great Wall workers made use of local soil (sand etc.) and rammed it into compact layers. 

Brick Great Wall Sections

The Ming Dynasty Great Wall was mostly built with bricks. To build a strong wall with bricks, they used lime mortar.
Workers built brick and cement factories with local materials near the wall.
Used lime mortar ,
or a mixture of
sticky rice and
eggwhites
What does the Great Wall represent today ?

Symbol of Unity and Pride

Symbol of Strength
• Initially the wall was
made to unite different
Chinese dynasties. Symbol of Chinese culture
The Chinese society had
built a 3,000-mile-long, 50-
• In 1984 preserving the
foot-high, stone wall over
wall became a national
the course of many years.
priority
IT shows the courage ,
It was built to further
endurance and
• Their leader at that time isolate and protect Chinese
determination.
launched a campaign culture from outside
saying. influences.
They also call it china’s
dragon , sprawled across
“Let us love our country and
China.
restore our Great Wall”
Mind Map The wall was under
construction for Used pulleys/
2000 years bamboo baskets to
carry material
Made by hand
Carried bricks by hand
on their backs

Construction of
the Wall
Material used –
stones, mud, bricks
Today the Great Wall is a
symbol of : Sticky rice and egg
• Unity whites as cement or
• Pride lime mortar
• Strength
• Culture l
The Great wall today

• Declared by UNESCO as an
endangered site
• Wall has been restored, now
illegal to take pieces of stones or
carve their names on the stones
• Chinese governments taxes the
people to protect the wall.
• Used for the purposed of tourism.
 Grand Canal
(A 1 page flyer )

• What was the Grand Canal?

• How was it built ?
• Why was it important ?
• Contribution of Ming
Dynasty
• Grand Canal today
• And lots of pictures !

• Happy Researching !
The Berlin Wall
Hitler’s Nazi Germany (1933-1945)
 Background story (WWII)

USA
Germany France
Italy
Japan
Vs Russia (Soviet Union)
Britain
Countries that emerged victorious

Led
to t
he
fall
o fN
azi
Ge
rm
any

End of Hitler!
And his cruel regime !
 After the war :

Different Ideas about

economic model

USA
France Soviet Union
Britain
vs

Arms race

The Cold War

(long period of political
tensions between the two
superpowers )
Space race
 Soviet
Britain Union

Berlin

France
USA
Beginning of the Cold war.
(no fighting with weapons
but in terms of politics )

Constructed in 1961
3.5 meters concrete wall, with
a smooth pipe on top to
prevent people from climbing.

Guard stations at different

points across the wall with
armed officials and tanks
Difference between East and West Germany
West
• Better living conditions
• Reconstruction has started
• More jobs, better pays
• More freedom
• Bright colors city of Berlin
(and other cities in the west)
East
• Lots of soviet controls
• Poor living condition, no
development
• Soviet was interested only to
extract resources,
equipment's etc. from
Germany – spoils of war
• No reconstruction( dull , grey
structures )
 East Germany

West Germany
Fall of the Berlin Wall – 28 years after it was built !

The Great wall and The Berlin Wall
• Berlin wall also represented a divide
between the USA , France , Britain
and Soviet Union
• Marked borders, was intimidating
• Involved the loss of lives (not to build
it but to ensure that its purpose is
fulfilled-people found crossing were
shot )
• Both walls are used for tourism today
• Both are UNESCO world heritage
sites
Connect-Extend-Challenge
New terms :
Cold War
• Cold war – political tensions Berlin wall
• Why did the wall come down?
between two super powers : Soviet
union and USA
• Berlin wall came down 28 years after
it was built
• It was made of concrete and it was
built fairly quickly with the help of
machines
Berlin wall today
The Great wall of China today