Simple Chaotic

Systems and Circuits

J. C. Sprott
Department of Physics
University of Wisconsin -
Madison

Presented at the
University of Augsburg
on October 15, 2001
 Acknowledgments

George Rowlands - U. Warwick

Stefan Linz - U. Augsburg

Lucas Finco - U. Wisconsin

Tom Lovell - U. Wisconsin

Mikhail Reyfman - U. Wisconsin

Nicos Savva - U. Wisconsin
 Outline


Abbreviated History


Chaotic Equations


Chaotic Electrical Circuits
Abbreviated History

Poincaré (1892)

Van der Pol (1927)

Lorenz (1963)

Knuth (1968)

Rössler (1976)

May (1976)
Mathematical Models of
Dynamical Systems

Logistic Equation (Map):
xn+1 = Axn(1-xn)


Newton’s 2nd Law (ODE):
md2x/dt2 = F(x,dx/dt,t)


Wave Equation (PDE):
2x/t2 = c22x/r2
 Poincaré-Bendixson Theorem
(in 2-D flow)
Fixed Point Limit Cycle
y

x
Trajectory cannot intersect itself (no chaos)
Autonomous Systems
d2x/dt2 = -x - Adx/dt + Bsint
let y = dx/dt
and z = t

dx/dt = y
dy/dt = -x - Ay + Bsin(z)
dz/dt = 
Lorenz Equations (1963)
dx/dt = Ay - Ax
dy/dt = -xz + Bx - y
dz/dt = xy - Cz

7 terms, 2 quadratic
nonlinearities, 3 parameters
Rössler Equations (1976)
dx/dt = -y - z
dy/dt = x + Ay
dz/dt = B + xz - Cz

7 terms, 1 quadratic nonlinearity,

3 parameters
Lorenz Quote (1993)
“One other study left me with mixed
feelings. Otto Roessler of the
University of Tübingen had formulated
a system of three differential equations
as a model of a chemical reaction. By
this time a number of systems of
differential equations with chaotic
solutions had been discovered, but I
felt I still had the distinction of having
found the simplest. Roessler changed
things by coming along with an even
simpler one. His record still stands.”
 Rössler Toroidal Model (1979)
“Probably the simplest strange attractor of a 3-D ODE”
dx/dt = -y - z (1998)
dy/dt = x
dz/dt = Ay - Ay2 - Bz

6 terms, 1 quadratic nonlinearity,

2 parameters
 Sprott (1994)

14 examples with 6
terms and 1 quadratic
nonlinearity

5 examples with 5
terms and 2 quadratic
nonlinearities
Gottlieb (1996)
What is the simplest jerk
function that gives chaos?
x  J ( x, x , x )
Displacement: x
Velocity: x = dx/dt
Acceleration: x = d2x/dt2
Jerk: x = d3x/dt3
Linz (1997)

Lorenz and Rössler systems
can be written in jerk form

Jerk equations for these
systems are not very “simple”

Some of the systems found by
Sprott have “simple” jerk forms:

x   x  xx  ax - b

 Sprott (1997)
“Simplest Dissipative Chaotic Flow”
dx/dt = y
dy/dt = z
dz/dt = -az + y2 - x

x  ax  x 2  x
5 terms, 1 quadratic nonlinearity,
1 parameter
Bifurcation Diagram
Return Map
Fu and Heidel (1997)
Dissipative quadratic
systems with less than 5
terms cannot be chaotic.

They would have no

adjustable parameters.
Eichhorn, Linz and Hänggi
(1998)

Developed hierarchy of
quadratic jerk equations with
increasingly many terms:
x  ax  x 2  x
x  ax  bx  xx - 1
x  ax  bx  x 2 - 1
x  ax  bx  cx 2  xx - 1
...
Weaker Nonlinearity
dx/dt = y
dy/dt = z
dz/dt = -az + |y|b - x
b
x  ax  x  x

Seek path in a-b space that

gives chaos as b  1.
Regions of Chaos
Linz and Sprott (1999)
dx/dt = y
dy/dt = z
dz/dt = -az - y + |x| - 1

x  ax  x  x  1

6 terms, 1 abs nonlinearity, 2

parameters (but one =1)
General Form
dx/dt = y
dy/dt = z
dz/dt = -az - y + G(x)

x  ax  x  G(x )

G(x) = ±(b|x| - c)
G(x) = -bmax(x,0) + c
G(x) = ±(bx - csgn(x))
etc….
Operational Amplifiers
 First Circuit

d3x/dt3 = -Ad2x/dt2 - dx/dt + |x| - 1

Bifurcation Diagram for
First Circuit
Computer Prediction for
First Circuit
Second Circuit
Chaos Circuit
 Third Circuit

d3x/dt3 = -Ad2x/dt2 - dx/dt + x - sgn(x)

Chua’s Circuit (1984)
 Chaotic Inductor-Diode Circuit
Testa, Perez, & Jeffries (1982)

LdI/dt = Vo sin t - V

[Co + IoT(1-V)e-V] dV/dt = I - Io(1-e-V)

References

http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/ l
ectures/
cktchaos/ (this talk)


http://
sprott.physics.wisc.edu/chaos/
abschaos.htm