Session Objectives

Explain Types of Control Statements

Explain If, If..else statements
Understand Looping concepts
Explain Switch..Case statement
Explain Break,continue Statements
Explain the Goto Statement
 • Jumping
•Decision making&
Statement
Branching
• Looping Statement
 By default the statements are executed
sequentially. However in practice we have situations
where we may have to change the order of executions of
statements until specified conditions are met.

Decision
Making &Branching
Statement

Jumping
Statement

Looping
Statement
Syntax :
if(condition)
{
True Block Statement(s);
}
Executable statement(s);

Test TRUE
Condition

FALSE True Block Statements

Executable Statements
Syntax :
if(condition)
{
True Block Statement(s);
}
else
{
False Block statement(s);
}

FALSE Test TRUE

Condition

False Block Statements True Block Statements

 While Loop
Syntax :
Initialization counter;
while(condition)
{
Body of the Loop;
Increment/Decrement counter ;
}

Start

Initialize

FALSE
Test
Condition

TRUE STOP
Body of the loop

Increment or
Decrement
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int num=1; //initializing the variable
while(num<=10) //while loop with condition
{
printf("%d\n",num);
num++; //incrementing operation
}
return 0;
}
Output

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Do…while Loop
Syntax :
Initialization counter;
do
{
Body of the Loop;
Increment/Decrement counter ; Start
} while(condition);
Initialize

Body of the loop

Increment or Decrement

TRUE Test
Condition

FALSE
Stop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num=1; //initializing the variable
do //do-while loop
{
printf("%d\n",2*num);
num++; //incrementing operation
}while(num<=10);

}
Output

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
 For Loop

Syntax : for(initialization;condition;increment/decreme
nt)
{
Body of the Loop;
}
Start

Initialize

FALSE
Test
Condition

TRUE
Body of the loop

Increment or
Decrement
Example: for loop to print 1-10 numbers
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int number;
for(number=1;number<=10;number++)
{
printf("%d\n",number); //to print the number
}
getch();
}
Output

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Nested for Loops

The for loop will be termed as a nested for loop when

it is written like this : -
Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement counter)
{
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement counter)
{
body of inner loop;
………………….
}
statements…..
}

Statement z;
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
main() {
int i, j;
int table = 2;
int max = 5;
for (i = 1; i <= table; i++)
{// outer loop
for (j = 1; j <= max; j++)
{ // inner loop
printf("%d x %d = %d\n", i, j, i*j);
}
printf("\n"); /* blank line between tables */
}
getch();
}
Output
1x1=1
1x2=2
1x3=3
1x4=4
1x5=5

2x1=2
2x2=4
2x3=6
2x4=8
2 x 5 = 10
How to print a Special characters
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
clrscr();
printf("\n This is how to print a double quote : \"\n");
printf("\n This is how to print a backslash : \\\n");
c='\'';
printf("\n c now contains %c\n",c);
printf("\n This is how to print a percent - sign : %%\n");
c='\007'; /* beep sound code is 7 */
printf("\n c now contains %d\n",c);
getch();
}
Write a program to print employee name, Write a program to find the greatest among two
basic pay,pf,lic & calculate the net salary numbers a,b
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
char name[20]; int a,b,c;
int basic,pf,lic,net; printf("\n Enter 2 nos. =");
printf("\n Enter the name="); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
scanf("%s",name); if (a>b)
printf("\n Enter Basic Bpay ="); {
scanf("%d",&basic); printf("A is greatest %d“,a);
printf("\n Enter PF ="); }
scanf("%d",&pf); else
printf("\n Enter LIC ="); {
scanf("%d",&lic); printf(" B is greatest %d“,b);
net = basic – (pf + lic); }
printf("Net Salary is = %d ",net); getch();
} }

Enter 2 nos. = 100

20

A is greatest 100
Write a program to find the greatest of
Three numbers Write a program to check whether the given number
#include<stdio.h> is positive or negative.
void main() #include<stdio.h>
{ void main()
int a,b,c; {
printf("\n Enter 3 nos. ="); int a;
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c); printf("Enter the number=");
if ((a>b) && (a>c)) scanf("%d",&a);
{ if (a>0)
printf("A is greatest %d“,a); {
} printf( "Given number is positive %d“.a);
elseif (b>c) }
{ Elseif(a<0)
printf(" B is greatest %d“,b); {
} printf("Given number is negative %d“,a);
else }
{ Else
printf("C is greatest %d“.c); {
} printf("Given number is Zero %d“,a);
getch(); }
} }

Enter 3 nos. = 10
20
5 Enter the number = 10
B is greatest The Given Number is positive
 Write a progrm input the given Number id Odd or Even
Write a progrm input the given
Number
year is LEAP YEAR or Not
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
void main()
{
{
int no;
int year;
printf("Enter the Number =\n");
printf("Enter the year =\n");
scanf("%d",&no);
scanf("%d",&year);
if ((no%2)==0)
if ((year%4)==0)
{
{
printf("\n The Number is Even Number %d“,no);
printf("\n It is a leap year");
}
}
else
else
{
{
printf("\n The Number is Odd Number %d“,no);
printf("\n It is not a leap year");
}
}
getch();
getch();
}
}

Enter the number = 12

Enter the Year 2000 The Number is Even Number 12
It is a leap year
Write a program to print the FIBONACCI PASCAL TRIANGLE
SERIES upto N Numbers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
int n,i,f1,f2,f3; int i,j;
printf("enter the number = "); clrscr();
scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
f1=-1; {
f2=1; for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
{
f3=f1+f2; printf("%d\n",i);
printf("%d\n",f3); }
f1=f2; printf("\n");
f2=f3; }
}
} Output
1
Enter the number = 5
22
0
1 333
1
2 4444
3
5 55555
PASCAL TRIANGLE PASCAL TRIANGLE
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
void main() void main()
{ {
int i,j; int i,j,c=1;
clrscr(); clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=5;i++) for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ {
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{ {
printf("%d\n",j); printf("%d\n",c);
} c++;
printf("\n"); }
} printf("\n");
}

Output Output
1 1
12 23
123 456
1234 7 8 9 10
12345 11 12 13 14 15
PASCAL TRIANGLE to print *
#include<stdio.h> PASCAL TRIANGLE
void main() #include<stdio.h>
{ void main()
int i,j; {
clrscr(); int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++) clrscr();
{ for(i=0;i<5;i++)
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) {
{ for(j=i;j>0;j--)
printf(“*"); {
} printf("%d\n",j);
printf("\n"); }
} printf("\n");
}
Output
Output
* 1
21
**
321
** *
4321
** * *
54321
** * * *
To print the word in reverse
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define size 10
void main()
{ Enter Any String : raja
char name[size+1];
The Given String is raja
int i=1; The Reversed String is ajar
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter Any String");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n The Given string is %s\n",name);
for(i=0;name[i]!='\0';i++);
printf("\n\n The Reversed String is");
for(i=size-1;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%c",name[i]);
}
getch();
}
The continue statement causes the next iteration

of the enclosing loop to begin.

When this statement is encountered, the remaining
statements in the body of the loop are skipped and
the control is passed on to the re-initialization step.
continue;
 function
The exit() is used to break out of the program.

The use of this function causes immediate termination

of the program and control rests in the hands of the
Operating System.
 statement
The break statement is used to terminate a case in a
switch statement.

When the break statement is encountered in a loop,

the loop is terminated immediately and control is
passed to the statement following the loop.

break;
 label
The goto statement transfers control to any other
statement within the same function in a C program.

They reduce program reliability and make program

difficult to maintain.
goto Labelname:
Statements;
--
Labelname:
---
Statements;
Syntax :
switch(Expression)
{
case 1: Statements;
break;
case 2: Statements;
break;
case 3: Statements;
break;
default :Statements;
break;
}

• Default is Optional
• It is useful while writing menu driven programs
• Break statement transfers the control to the end of
switch..case statement.
Write a menu type program to solve arithmetic calculation case 4:
using switch case stmts. #include<stdio.h> tot = a/b;
void main()
printf("\n The Division = % d",tot);
{
int a,b,choice,tot;
break;
printf("\n 1. Addition"); default:
printf("\n 2. Subtraction"); printf("\n invalid");
printf("\n 3. Multiplication"); break;
printf("\n 4. Division"); }
printf("\n Enter the Values="); }
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("enter your choice=");
scanf("%d",&choice); 1. Addition
switch(choice) 2. Subtraction
{ 3. Multiplication
case 1:
tot = a+b;
4. Division
printf("\n The Addition of 2 nos. % d",tot); Enter the values=
break;
case 2:
tot = a-b;
printf("\n The Subtraction of 2 nos. % d",tot);
break;
case 3:
tot = a*b;
printf("\n The Multiplication of 2 nos. % d",tot);
break;
Write a program to count the number of vowels and
consonants in a string
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int c=0,v=0;
char x;
printf("enter any string \n");
do
{
switch(x=getchar())
{
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o': Enter Any String : welcome
case 'u': No.of Vowels : 3
v++; No.of Consonants : 4
break;
case '\n':
break;
default:
c++;
break;
}
}while (x!='\n');
printf("no. of vowels is %d \n",v);
printf("no. of consonants is %d", c);
getch();
}
Write a “C” Program to generate Armstrong
No.s from 1 to 1000 Write a program print the given number as
#include<stdio.h> reverse format.
void main() #include<stdio.h>
{ void main()
int a,b,s,n,i; {
long int a,b,c=0,n;
printf("\n ENter the Limit"); printf("\n Enter the Number");
scanf("%d",&n); scanf("%ld",&a);
printf("\n The armstrong Numbers are"); while(a>0)
for(i=0;i<=n;i++) {
{ n=a%10;
a=i; a=a/10;
s=0; c=b+c*10;
}
while(a>0) printf("\n The reversed numeral is %ld",c);
{ }
b=a%10;
b=b*b*b;
s=s+b;
a=a/10;
}
if(i==s)
{ Enter the Number : 345
The reversed Numeral is 543
printf("\t %d",i);
}
}
}
Write a program to convert the number from binary to
decimal 'break' statement Example
#include<stdio.h> 'break' stmt is used to terminate loops
#include<math.h> or exit from a switch.it can be used within a do-while,
void main() for and switch statement
{
int i=0,j=0,sum=0; #include<stdio.h>
long int n,x; void main()
printf("\n Enter Binary Number"); {
scanf("%ld",&n); int i;
if(n!=0) printf("The values are\n");
{ for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
i=n%10; {
if(i==0 || i==1) printf("They are %d \n",i);
{ if(i==25)
while(n!= 0) {
{ break;
i=n%10; }
sum=sum+i*pow(2,j); }
n=n/10; }
j++;
}}}
if(sum==0)
printf("\n The no is not a binary number");
else
printf("\n The equivalent decimal number is %d",sum);
}

Print the Numbers from 1…25

Enter Binary Number : 101

The Equivalent Decimal No : 5
Convert the character from lower to upper and vice
versa.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char x,a;
Do {
printf("\n Enter any character");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&x);
if(x>='A' && x<='Z')
printf("\nLower case %c",x+('a' - 'A'));
else if(x>='a' && x<='z')
printf("\n Upper case is %c",x - ('a' - 'A'));
else
printf("\n That's not a Letter");
printf("\n Another Data[Y/N]?");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&a);
}while(a=='y');
F2 Key  Save File
F3  Open an existing File
F5  Maximize
F6  Move to next Program
Alt+F9  To compile (Check Errors)
Ctrl+F9  Compile and Linking (Execute a Program)
Alt+F5  Display output mode
Alt+F3  Close screen
Quit  Alt+X (come out from Turbo “C”)
 Session Summary

 The if statement is used to make decisions

 The switch statement allows us to make a decision from a number of choices.

 The break & continue statements used inside a for, while and do..while loops

 The loop does does not terminate when a continue statement is encountered

 The switch statement can only for test equality

 Break used to terminate or exit from a switch statement

 The goto statement is used to transfer the control in a loop or function from one point

to any other portion in that program where it encounters a label

 EXERCISES

1. Write a program to find the perfect square using if..else statement?

2. Write a program to input the given number is prime or Not?

3. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations using switch statement?

4. Write a program to find the mean and standard deviation of N Numbers?

5. Write a program to find the number of five hundreds,Hundreds,

Fifties,Twenties,Tens,Fives,two’s and one’s in a amount given using while loop?

6. Write a program to convert Octal number to a Decimal Number?

7. Write a program to generate N even Numbers and calculate its sum?

8. Write a program to count the number of digits in an integers using while loop?

9. Write a program to calculate the sine series?

 EXERCISES
10. Write a program to print the following Outputs using for while and do..while loops?