AI & AT

Module III
Chapter 1
Lecture 5
JTMS Labels
Every assertion is either IN or
OUT
IN – believed
OUT – not believed
IN does not mean TRUE
JTMS
Key reasoning operations performed:
◦ Consistent labeling
◦ Contradiction resolution
Set of important reasoning operations not
performed:
◦ Applying rules to derive conclusions
◦ Creating justifications for the results of
applying rules (although justifications are
created as part of contradiction resolution)
◦ Choosing among alternative ways of resolving
a contradiction
◦ Detecting contradiction
Logic-Based
Truth Maintenance Systems (LTMS)
Similar to JTMS
Difference:
JTMS LTMS
The nodes in the network are A contradiction
treated as atoms. would be
Assumes no relationships asserted
among them except the ones automatically.
that are explicitly stated in
the justifications.
Has no problem
simultaneously labeling both
P and ¬P IN
No contradiction detected
Assumption-Based
Truth Maintenance System (ATMS)
Alternativeway of implementing
nonmonotonic reasoning
In both JTMS and LTMS systems:
◦ a single line of reasoning is pursued
at a time
◦ dependency-directed backtracking
occurs whenever it is necessary to
change the system’s assumptions
InATMS, alternative paths are
maintained in parallel
Backtracking is avoided at the
expense of maintaining multiple
contexts, each of which
corresponds to a set of consistent
assumptions
As reasoning proceeds, the
universe of consistent contexts is
pruned as contradictions are
discovered
The remaining consistent contexts are
used to label assertions, thus indicating
the contexts in which each assertion has a
valid justification
Assertions that does not have a valid
justification in any consistent context can
be pruned from consideration by the
problem solver
As the set of consistent contexts get
smaller, so too does the set of assertions
that can consistently be believed by the
problem solver
ATMS system works breadth-first,
considering all possible contexts
at once
JTMS and LTMS systems operate
depth-first
The ATMS, like the JTMS, is designed
to be used in conjunction with a
separate problem solver
Problem solver job is to:
◦ Create nodes that correspond to
assertions
◦ Associate with each node one or more
justifications, each of which describes a
reasoning chain that led to the node
◦ Inform the ATMS of inconsistent contexts
The role of the ATMS system is
then to:
Propagate inconsistencies, thus
ruling out contexts that include
subcontexts (set of assertions)
that are known to be inconsistent
Label each problem solver node
with the contexts in which it has
a valid justification
The major issues that distinguish
JTMS and ATMS systems are:
JTMS ATMS
Better when only More efficient if
a single solution all solutions are
is desired since it eventually going
does not need to to be needed
consider
alternatives
 JTMS ATMS
Gradual addition All assumptions
of new must be known at
assumptions the outset of
poses no problem problem or an
expensive,
recompilation
process must
occur whenever
an assumption is
added
 JTMS ATMS
May spend a lot of Context switching
time switching does not happen
contexts when
backtracking is
necessary
 JTMS ATMS
To answer question Provides a natural
of the form “In way to answer
what contexts is A
true?

Try all the

alternatives and
record the ones in
which A is labeled
IN