Lloyd’s Register Marine -

Classification &

Marine Technology

Tim Kent
Technical Director, Marine

August 2013
Lloyd’s Register’s Mission
Through its constitution, Lloyd’s Register is directed to:

• “Secure, for the benefit of the community, high technical

standards of design, manufacture, construction,
maintenance, operation, and performance, for the purpose
of enhancing the safety of life and property at sea, on land,
and in the air, and”
• “Advance public education within engineering and
technological disciplines”
What is Classification?
The development, publication and implementation of Rules and
Regulations covering the design, construction and operation of
ships, which help achieve and maintain acceptable levels of
safety, performance and reliability
What do the Class Rules & Regulations
cover?Structural strength and watertight integrity of the hull
What do the Class Rules & Regulations cover?
Safety and reliability of propulsion and steering systems
What do the Classification Rules & Regs
cover? Effectiveness of essential auxiliary systems
The Origins of Classification from 1760
Commercial need to reduce losses of ships and cargoes

Grading systems:

1764 A, E, I, O, U (hull) G, M, B (equipment)

AG - the best, UB - the worst

1768 A, B, C (hull) 1, 2, 3 (equipment)

A1 - the best, now has world famous meaning!

1870 100 - iron ships suitable for sea-going service

2011 | 100A1 Double Hull Oil Tanker, ShipRight (FDA, SDA,
CM), *IWS, LI
| LMC, UMS
What do the Class Rules & Regulations not
cover?
Stability
Life saving appliances
Pollution prevention
Structural fire protection

Why not?

The requirements for all of the above are contained in internationally

accepted statutory codes and conventions
Relationship between class and statutory
regulation IMO Conventions
Classification
Safety Stability Pollution
Implementation (SOLAS) (Loadline) (MARPOL)
of standards for:

Strength Strength Strength

Propelling machinery
Fire & lifesaving Freeboard Accidental
Electrical systems Intact
Communications stability Operational
Control systems
Damage stability Damage Damage
Anchoring equipment stability stability
Propelling machinery,
electrical and control
systems

Statutory certification
How Do Ships Enter Class?
Plans & Alterations Approved
Materials Made at Approved Works
Hull Constructed Under Lloyd’s Register’s Special
Survey
Machinery Constructed Under Lloyd’s Register’s
Special Survey
Survey of Electrical and Control Equipment
Conditions for Classification
• Satisfactory completion of periodical surveys
• Reporting all damages and defects
• Valid convention certificates
• Correct loading and operation
• Availability of approved loading guidance
• Operation in suitable environment
Conditions for Classification – Survey
Cycle
Year 1 2 3 4 5

SS ITSS or ITMS SS

AS AS AS AS AS

DS DS DS

DS IWS DS
Marine Technology –

Lloyd’s Register’s Approach

Intelligence on Business Drivers
Technology as an enabler on a 10+ Year
Horizon
• Increasing regulation from IMO and others

 New technologies & complexity

• Increasingly competitive market
 Efficiency will drive adoption of automation, complexity and novel
design
 Industry will be obliged to satisfy Regulations and may want to pursue
efficiency

• Lloyd’s Register’s application of technology …

... as a Classification Society, verifying safe integration of elements
into the overall ship
... as a Recognised Organisation, certifying functional performance of
ship’s systems and features in accordance with international
conventions
… as a Technical Services provider, assisting clients improve their
competitiveness and business performance
Marine industry's greatest driver is
sustainability -
A sustainable marine industry means ships with…
• Minimal safety risk
essential safety functions
dependability of essential safety systems
machinery, equipment, components
• Minimal environmental impact class
essential environmental functions
dependability of essential environmental systems
machinery, equipment, components
future
• Maximum commercial benefit class
essential commercial functions
dependability of essential commercial systems society
machinery, equipment, components
services
Marine industry's greatest driver is
sustainability -
A sustainable marine industry means ships with…
• Minimal safety risk
essential safety functions
dependability of essential safety systems
machinery, equipment, components
technology
• Minimal environmental impact drivers
essential environmental functions
dependability of essential environmental systems
machinery, equipment, components
• Maximum commercial benefit
essential commercial functions
dependability of essential commercial systems
machinery, equipment, components
 Technology Lifecycle & Innovation
Lifecycle Bleeding edge Leading edge Mature Obsolete
Stage:
Industry Visionaries

Early Adopters
Company Attitude and
Level of adoption

Behaviour Industry Backbone

Late Entrants

Fundamental Knowledge Capability Product

Roll out
Development
Demonstrators

Innovation

Principles Deployment in Industry

Lloyd’s Register & Collaborators
Academia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PhDs, EngDs JIPs, EU projects Product Development
Post Docs Government bridging funds

Technology Readiness Levels

 Technology Lifecycle & Innovation
Lifecycle Bleeding edge Leading edge Mature Obsolete
Stage:
Industry Visionaries

Early Adopters
Company Attitude and
Level of adoption

Behaviour Industry Backbone

Late Entrants

Fundamental Knowledge Capability Product

Roll out
Development
Demonstrators

Innovation

Principles Deployment in Industry

Lloyd’s Register & Collaborators
Academia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PhDs, EngDs JIPs, EU projects Product Development
Post Docs Government bridging funds

Technology Readiness Levels

Implementing Strategic Research and Innovation
CORE TECHNOLOGIES

INTEGRATION ACTIVITIES
11 Hull loading and structures

22 Materials

Systems Engineering
Risk Assessment

33 Mechanical, Elect, & Control Eng.

44 Fire, safety & statutory disciplines

Resistance & Propulsion

55

66 Human behavior and ergonomics

Applying emerging technology outside of prescriptive
Rules using a performance-based approach …
Tier 1 Goals

Tier 2 Functional requirements

RIGOROUS
VERIFICATION OF Tier 3 Verification of conformity
INNOVATION

Alternative Prescriptiv Novel Tier 4 Verified solutions

Arrangements e Rules
Arrangements

Tier 5 Industry
practices/standards
… implemented following a systematic procedure

cs
asi
Continuous through life review Operation
Concept
Continuous review of the ‘assurance case’ following
maintenance or modifications of the system
To

eb
Accepted system, user tests, ensure system
What does the shipowner want? meets shipowner’s specification and the
Specify the capability statement capability statement. Limitations to be identified
Start development of and declared, ‘assurance case’ to be updated
ad

the ‘assurance case’

t th
Validation Integration
Requirements
dre

capture and
Sea Trials

ht? o ge
Develop the specification and gain Verified sub system integration
agreement with all stakeholders and resulting in systems tests. Continuous
ss

not just the shipyard. Place contract with reference and updating of the ‘assurance case’.
known risk
Verification
Contract Build
co m

dt
Sub system testing and

n
Design and construct the sub systems.
Gain approval of the sub system design progressive integration of sub systems
pl e

…a
Design

ri g
xit
y
Dealing with increasing complexity …

Area––High
Area HighComplexity
Complexity Area––New
Area New&&Novel
Noveldesign
design
Leadon
Lead onsystems
systemsthinking
thinking Leadon
Lead onrisk
riskassessment
assessment

Peer review

Area––AD&A
AD&A Area––Goal
Area Goalbased
basedrules
rules
Area Leadononensuring
ensuringgoals
goals
Leadon
Lead onequivalence
equivalence Lead
areachieved
are achieved
… using a standard process, scalable according to the
degree of innovation, always applied with rigour.

Led by expert in
STAR Stage 1 Stage 2 Acceptance NO Stage 3 Stage 4
criteria END Risk Assessment
T Assessment Assessment satisfied? Assessment Assessment (or equivalent)
YES

Risk Control Requirements (criteria, Rules, standards etc. to be applied during survey)

Led by Subject
Matter Expert Conventional Classification & Statutory Approval
in relevant
Process
Discipline
Thank you.

May 2013