Computer Aided Manufacturing

Definition(1/2)
Effective utilization of computer technology
in the MANAGEMENT, CONTROL and
OPERATIONS of the manufacturing facility
through either direct or indirect computer
interface with the physical and human
resources of the organization.
Definition(2/2)
Computer Aided Manufacturing involves the
use of computer programs specifically
designed to create the geometry and tool
paths needed for parts to be machined. These
tool paths can then be automatically
processed into a program specific for the CNC
machine to be used.
Use of computer in the economy
Business
Manufacturing
Banking
Entertainment
Research
Defence
Agriculture
Telecommunication
Few points about manufacturing(1/2)
Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor
to make things for use.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from
handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are
transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with
engineering and industrial design.
Few points about manufacturing(2/2)
Computer controlled analysis are employed in the
manufacture of products ranging from tiny electronic
components to automobiles and even aircrafts or
ships.
Computer controlled tools can make parts that are
closer to actual design specifications. This is not
possible in conventional tools.
Influence of computers on manufacturing
environment
Business Data
Processing
System

CAD CIM Computer Aided

Technologies Manufacturing

Manufacturing
System
Business Data Processing System
Financial management
Costing
Sales and marketing
Purchase and order control
Vendors
Subcontracting
Personnel
Computer Aided Manufacturing
Process planning
Production Planning
CNC part programming
Robot programming
CMM (Co-ordinate measuring machine)programming
Manufacturing System
Production activity Production
Machining
management(MPS, MRP,
Assembly
Material handling and storage
JIT)
Production control
BOM
Loading, scheduling, balancing Inventory Control
Capacity planning
Quality control
Computer Aided Design
CAD can be defined as any design activity that
involves the effective use of computer to Create,
Modify, Test or document an engineering
component.
Role of computers in manufacturing(1/2)
1. Computer monitoring and control of the
manufacturing process.
2. Manufacturing support applications( deals with
preparation of actual manufacturing and post
manufacture operations.)
Role of computers in manufacturing(2/2)
In first category computer is directly interfaced with
the manufacturing m/c for monitoring and control
function.
The second category include all the support functions
that computer can provide for successful completion
of operations.
Computer monitoring and control(1/2)

Process data
Compute
Process
r

Computer Monitoring
Computer monitoring and control(2/2)

Process data
Compute
Process Control Signal
r

Computer Control
Manufacturing support function
Numerical control part programming by computers
Computer automated process planning
Computer generated work standard
Production scheduling
Material requirement planning
Shop floor control
List of support function by computer(1/2)
• Numerical Control Part Programming
• Control program are prepared for automated machine tools
NCPP
• Computer Aided (automated)Process Planning
• Use of the computer to generate the process plan for the product.
• Computer prepare s a list of operation sequence required to process a particular product or
CAPP component.

• Computer generated work standards

• Computer determines the time standard for a particular production operation.
CGWS
List of support function by computer(2/2)
• Computer Aided Planning
• Use of computer for planning operations such as MRP, and
CAP Computer aided scheduling etc.

• Computer Aided Quality Assurance

• Use of the computer and computer aided equipments for
assessing inspection methods and developing the quality
CAQ control and assurance functions.
Knowledge Requirement
Production Systems
 Business functions - sales and
Customer
Product Design
marketing, order entry, cost Order

accounting, customer billing

 Product design - research and
development, design engineering,
prototype shop Business Manufacturing
Function Production Planning
 Manufacturing planning - System
process planning, production
planning, MRP, capacity planning
 Manufacturing control
shop floor control, inventory Manufacturing
Control
control, quality control
 Automation
Greek word= Auto + Matos
Auto = Self, Matos = move

Automation= Set of technologies having

Machine operations
Least human intervention
Performance superior to manual operation
Definition
The technology concerned with the application of
complex mechanical, electronic and computer
based system in the operation and control of
Production.
 Reasons for Automation
1. To increase labor productivity
2. To reduce labor cost
3. To mitigate the effects of labor shortages
4. To reduce or remove routine manual and clerical tasks
5. To improve worker safety
6. To improve product quality
7. To reduce manufacturing lead time
8. To accomplish what cannot be done manually
9. To avoid the high cost of not automating
Reason Against Automation
Labor resistance
Cost of upgraded labor – new skill set
Initial investment
Management of process improvements
Reengineering
Automated System
Examples:
 Automated machine tools
 Transfer lines
 Automated assembly systems
 Industrial robots
 Automated material handling and storage systems
 Automatic inspection systems for quality control
 Types of Automation
Fixed
Automation

Flexible
Production Automation
Quantity
Programmable
Automation

Product Variety
 Fixed Automation
Sequence of processing (or assembly) operations is fixed
by the equipment configuration
Typical features:
Suited to high production quantities
High initial investment
High production rates
Relatively inflexible in accommodating product variety
 Programmable Automation
Capability to change the sequence of operations
through reprogramming to accommodate different
product configurations
Typical features:
High investment in programmable equipment
Lower production rates than fixed automation
Flexibility to deal with variations and changes in
product configuration
Most suitable for small batch production
Physical setup and part program must be changed
between jobs (batches)
 Flexible Automation
System is capable of changing over from one job to the next with
little lost time between jobs.
Flexibility in manufacturing means the ability to deal with
slightly or greatly mixed parts, to allow variation in parts
assembly and variations in process sequence, change the
production volume and change the design of certain product
being manufactured.
Typical features:
High investment
Continuous production of variable mixes of products
Medium production rates
Flexibility to deal with product variety
 Automation Principle
1.Understand the existing process
 Input/output analysis

2. Simplify the process

 Reduce unnecessary steps and moves
3. Automate the process
 Ten strategies for automation and production systems
 Automation migration strategy
 Automation Strategies
1.Specialization of operations
2. Combined operations
3. Simultaneous operations
4. Integration of operations
5. Increased flexibility
6. Improved material handling and storage
7. On-line inspection
8. Process control and optimization
9. Plant operations control
10. Computer-integrated manufacturing
Automation
Migration
Strategy
Production System & Automation
Production System Automation Achieved

Continuous •Flow process from beginning to end

Production •Sensors technology available to measure important process variables
•Use of sophisticated control and optimization strategies
•Fully computer automated lines

Mass Production •Automated transfer machines

•Dial indexing machines
•Partially and fully automated assembly lines
•Industrial robots for spot welding, part handling, machine loading, spray painting, etc.
•Automated material handling systems
•Computer production monitoring

Batch Production •Numerical control (NC), direct numerical control (DNC), computer numerical control
(CNC).
•Adaptive control machining
•Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
•CIM systems.

Job Shop •Numerical control, computer numerical control

Production
Product life cycle and
automation(1/3)
Let T1 be time required to produce 1 unit of product.
T2 be time associated with planning and setting up of
each batch.
T3 time required to design the product and for all the
other activities that are accomplished once for each
different product.
B the number of batches produced throughout life
cycle.
Q the number of units produced in each batch.
Product life cycle and
automation(2/3)
The aggregate time spent on the product through life
cycle can be defined as
TTLC = BQ T1 +B T2 + T3
Here TTLC is total time during product life cycle. So
average time (TLC )on single product is
TLC = T1 +T2 /Q+ T3 /BQ
Product life cycle and automation(3/3)

T1 is most important for batch and mass production.

T2 and T3 are important for job shop production.
CAD/CAM and Automation
The goal of CAD/CAM and Automation is to reduce
the product life cycle.
This increases the productivity.
It improves the standard of life.
Common data base for computerized
application in CAD/CAM
Product Engineering
Product engineering refers to the process of designing
and developing a product, assembly, or system such
that it be produced as an item for sale through some
manufacturing process.
Concurrent Engineering
A systematic approach integrating the design and
manufacture of products with the view of
optimizing all elements in the life cycle of the
product.
Various stages of the product life cycle in general manufacturing

Various stages of the product life cycle in concurrent manufacturing