MFE 404/404L

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
 COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing
approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This
integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each
part. Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of
computers. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on
real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and
manufacturing.
 COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
1. Computer-integrated manufacturing is used
in automotive, aviation, space, and ship building industries.
2. The term "computer-integrated manufacturing" is both a method of
manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which
individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of
a manufacturing enterprise are organized.
3. In the CIM system, functional areas such as design,
analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control, and
distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor
functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct
control and monitoring of all the operation.

CIM is an example of the implementation of information and

communication technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing.
 KEY CHALLENGES
There are three major challenges to developing a smoothly operating
computer-integrated manufacturing system:
• Integration of components from different suppliers: When different
machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots, are using
different communications protocols, it may cause problems
• A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or
more entities of a communications system to
transmit information via any variation of a physical quantity.
• There are 2 types of Communication Protocol:
a) A human-readable medium or human-readable format is any
encoding of data or information that can be
naturally read by humans, resulting in human-readable data. It is
often encoded as ASCII or Unicode text, rather than
as binary data.
b) A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term
"binary file" is often used as a term meaning "non-text file".
 KEY CHALLENGES
• Data integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is
the integrity of the data used to control the machines. While the CIM
system saves on labor of operating the machines, it requires extra human
labor in ensuring that there are proper safeguards for the data signals that
are used to control the machines.
• Process control: Computers may be used to assist the human operators of
the manufacturing facility, but there must always be a competent engineer
on hand to handle circumstances which could not be foreseen by the
designers of the control software.
 SUBSYSTEMS
A computer-integrated manufacturing system is not the same as
a "lights-out factory", which would run completely independent of human
intervention, although it is a big step in that direction. Part of the system
involves flexible manufacturing, where the factory can be quickly modified
to produce different products, or where the volume of products can be
changed quickly with the aid of computers.
Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a CIM
operation:
➢ Computer-aided techniques:
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
• CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering)
• CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing)
• CAPP (Computer-Aided Process Planning)
• CAQ (Computer-Aided Quality Assurance)
• PPC (Production Planning And Control)
• ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
 SUBSYSTEMS
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – It is the use of computers to aid in the
creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This is used to
increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design,
improve communications through documentation, and to create a
database for manufacturing.

• CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) – Can be defined as the general

usage of technology to aid in tasks related to engineering analysis. Any use
of technology to solve or assist engineering issues falls under this
umbrella.

• CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) – Also known as computer-

aided modeling or computer-aided machining is the use of software to
control machine tools in the manufacturing of work pieces. It may also
refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing
plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage.
 SUBSYSTEMS
• CAPP (Computer-Aided Process Planning) – It is the use of computer
technology to aid in the process planning of a part or product, in
manufacturing. CAPP is the link between CAD and CAM in that it
provides for the planning of the process to be used in producing a
designed part.

• CAQ (Computer-Aided Quality Assurance) – It is the engineering

application of computers and computer-controlled machines for the
definition and inspection of the quality of products.

• PPC (Production Planning And Control) - Project management

software (PMS) has the capacity to help plan, organize, and manage
resource tools and develop resource estimates.

• ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) – It is the integrated management

of main business processes, often in real-time and mediated
by software and technology. ERP is usually referred to as a category
of business management software that an organization can use to collect,
store, manage and interpret data from many business activities.
 CIMOSA
CIMOSA (Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System
Architecture), is a 1990s European proposal for an open systems
architecture for CIM developed by the AMICE Consortium as a series
of ESPRIT projects. The goal of CIMOSA was “to help companies to manage
change and integrate their facilities and operations to face world wide
competition”.
It provides a consistent architectural framework for both enterprise
modeling and enterprise integration as required in CIM environments.
 CONCURRENT
ENGINEERING
Concurrent engineering (CE) or concurrent design and
manufacturing is a work methodology emphasizing the parallelization of
tasks (i.e. performing tasks concurrently), which is sometimes
called simultaneous engineering or integrated product
development (IPD) using an integrated product team approach. It refers to
an approach used in product development in which functions of design
engineering, manufacturing engineering, and other functions are integrated
to reduce the time required to bring a new product to market.
By completing the design and manufacturing stages at the same
time, products are produced in less time while lowering cost. Although
concurrent design and manufacturing requires extensive communication and
coordination between disciplines, the benefits can increase the profit of a
business and lead to a sustainable environment for product development.
Concurrent design and manufacturing can lead to a competitive advantage
over other businesses as the product may be produced and marketed in less
time.
 CONCURRENT
ENGINEERING
The benefits of concurrent design and manufacturing can be sorted
in to short term and long term.
• Short term benefits
• Competitive advantage with implementing part into market
quickly
• Large amounts of same part produced in a shorter amount of time
• Allows for early correction of part
• Less material wasted
• Less time spent on multiple iterations of essentially the same part
• Long term benefits
• More cost efficient over several parts produced and several years
• Large amounts of different parts produced in a shorter total amount
of time
• Better communication between disciplines in company
• Ability to leverage teamwork and make informed decisions
MANUFACTURING CONTROL
Manufacturing control is the combination of technologies and
methods used to manage manufacturing processes. It includes both the
hardware and software components necessary to monitor, control, and
optimize production.
Manufacturing process control aims to produce products that meet
or exceed quality standards while minimizing waste and maximizing
efficiency.
To do this, manufacturers rely on various sensors, controllers,
actuators, and other devices that collect data about the production process.
This data is then analyzed to identify trends and issues that can be addressed
to improve quality and efficiency.
 ELEMENTS OF A
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
INPUTS
The first step in any manufacturing process is to gather the raw
materials and other inputs that will be used in production. This includes
everything from the individual components that will be assembled into a
final product to the packaging materials and labels used for finished goods.
These inputs exist as the basis of all process control in
manufacturing, as without them, the entire system will not function. No
matter how strong your controls are down the line, without carefully
inspected and managed inputs, the entire process is at risk of being thrown
off course.
In the cookie example, the inputs might be:
• Flour
• Sugar
• Eggs
• Baking powder
• Butter
 ELEMENTS OF A
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CONTROLLED VARIABLES
These are the elements of the manufacturing process that can be
manipulated in order to achieve the desired results.
In our cookie example, the controlled variables might be the:
• Recipe
• Baking time
• Oven temperature
By changing these factors, you can affect the outcome of your
product.
However, it is important to note that there is a limit to how much
you can change a controlled variable without affecting other aspects of the
process.
 ELEMENTS OF A
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES
In contrast to controlled variables, uncontrolled variables are those
elements of the manufacturing process that cannot be changed.
In our cookie example, these might include the attention of the
baker or the ambient temperature and humidity in the kitchen. While there
may be nothing you can do to change these immediately, understanding how
to either counteract them or account for them in your final product is
critical.
 ELEMENTS OF A
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OUTPUT
These are the manufacturing process results that can be measured
and quantified.
In our cookie example, outputs might include the number of cookies
baked, their average weight, or their average diameter. It is important to note
that not all outputs are physical products. In many cases, outputs may also
include data or information that is generated by the process itself.
For example, a machine tool might generate a log of the speeds and
feed rates used during a manufacturing run. This information can be used to
improve future runs or diagnose issues with the process.
 TAKE HOME ACTIVITY:
MAKE YOUR OWN MANUFACTURING

PROCESS. INCLUDE ALL THE NECESSARY

ELEMENTS.

(WITH FORMAT, TNR 12, LETTER SIZED BOND

PAPER, TO BE SUBMITTED NEXT MEETING.)

THANK YOU!