COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

LECTURE # 6: FUNCTIONS - A

BSE 1
Joddat Fatima
1
joddat.fatima@gmail.com

Department of C&SE
Bahria University Islamabad
INTRODUCTION
 Divide and conquer
 Constructa program from smaller pieces or components
 Each piece more manageable than the original program

 Modules: functions and classes

 Programs use new and “prepackaged” modules
 New: programmer-defined functions, classes
 Prepackaged: from the standard library

 Functions invoked by function call

 Function name and information (arguments) it needs
 Function definitions
 Only written once
 Hidden from other functions 2
FUNCTIONS

 Functions
 Modularize a program
 Software reusability
 Call function multiple times
 Local variables
 Known only in the function in which they are defined
 All variables declared in function definitions are local
variables
 Parameters
 Local variables passed to function when called
 Provide outside information
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PREDEFINED FUNCTION

 C++ comes with libraries of predefined functions

 Perform common mathematical calculations
 Include the header file <cmath>
 Functions called by writing
 functionName (argument);
or
 functionName(argument1, argument2, …);
 Example
cout << sqrt( 900.0 );
 sqrt (square root) function The preceding statement would print 30
 All functions in math library return a double
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FUNCTION ARGUMENTS

 Function arguments can be

 Constants
 sqrt( 4 );
 Variables
 sqrt( x );
 Expressions
 sqrt( sqrt( x ) ) ;
 sqrt( 3 - 6x );

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FUNCTION CALLS

 sqrt(9.0) is a function call

 It invokes, or sets in action, the sqrt function
 The argument (9), can also be a variable or an expression

 A function call can be used like any expression

 bonus = sqrt(sales) / 10;
 cout << “The side of a square with area “ << area << “ is “<<
sqrt(area);

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FUNCTION LIBRARY

 Predefined functions are found in libraries

 The library must be “included” in a program to make the functions

available

 An include directive tells the compiler which library header file to

include.

 To include the math library containing sqrt():

#include <cmath>

 Newer standard libraries, such as cmath, also require the directive

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using namespace std;
OTHER PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS

 abs(x) --- int value = abs(-8);

 Returns absolute value of argument x
 Return value is of type int
 Argument is of type x
 Found in the library cstdlib

 fabs(x) --- double value = fabs(-8.0);

 Returns the absolute value of argument x
 Return value is of type double
 Argument is of type double
 Found in the library cmath
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PROGRAMMER DEFINED FUNCTION

 Function prototype
 Tells compiler argument type and return type of function
 int square( int );
 Function takes an int and returns an int
 Explained in more detail later

 Calling/invoking a function
 square(x);
 Parentheses an operator used to call function
 Pass argument x
 Function gets its own copy of arguments

 After finished, passes back result

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FUNCTION DEFINITION

 Format for function definition

return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
declarations and statements
}
 Parameter list
 Comma separated list of arguments
 Data type needed for each argument

 If no arguments, use void or leave blank

 Return-value-type
 Data type of result returned (use void if nothing returned)

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FUNCTION PROTOTYPING

 Function prototype contains

 Function name
 Parameters (number and data type)
 Return type (void if returns nothing)
 Only needed if function definition after function call

 Prototype must match function definition

 Function prototype
double maximum( double, double, double );
 Definition
double maximum( double x, double y, double z )
{
…
}
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FUNCTION PROTOTYPING

 Function signature
 Part of prototype with name and parameters
 double maximum( double, double, double );

 Argument Coercion
 Force arguments to be of proper type
Converting int (4) to double (4.0)
cout << sqrt(4)
 Conversion rules
 Arguments usually converted automatically
 Changing from double to int can truncate data

 3.4 to 3

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SCOPE RULE

 Block scope
 Begins at declaration, ends at right brace {
 Can only be referenced in this range
 Global Variables
 Local
variables, function parameters
 static variables still have block scope
 Storage class separate from scope
 Function-prototype scope
 Parameterlist of prototype
 Names in prototype optional
 Compiler ignores
 In a single prototype, name can be used once 15
LOCAL VARIABLES

 Variables declared in a function:

 Are local to that function, they cannot be used from outside the
function
 Have the function as their scope

 Variables declared in the main part of a program:

 Are local to the main part of the program, they cannot be used from
outside the main part
 Have the main part as their scope

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GLOBAL CONSTANT

 Global Named Constant

 Available to more than one function as well as the main part of the
program
 Declared outside any function body
 Declared outside the main function body
 Declared before any function that uses it

 Example:
const double PI = 3.14159;
double volume(double);
int main()
{….}

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 PI is available to the main function and to function volume
GLOBAL VARIABLES

 Global Variable -- rarely used when more than one function

must use a common variable
 Declared just like a global constant except const is not used
 Generally make programs more difficult to understand and
maintain

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EXAMPLE FUNCTION

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EXAMPLE # 1

#include <iostream>

int square( int );

int main()
{
for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ )
cout << square( x ) << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
int square( int y )
{
return y * y;
}
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EXAMPLE # 2
#include <iostream>
double maximum( double, double, double );
int main()
{
double number1, number2,number3;
cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
cout << "Maximum is: "<< maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) << endl;
return 0;
}

double maximum( double x, double y, double z )

{
Enter three floating-point numbers: 99.32 37.3
double max = x;
27.1928
if ( y > max ) Maximum is: 99.32
max = y;
if ( z > max ) Enter three floating-point numbers: 1.1 3.333 2.22
max = z; Maximum is: 3.333
return max; 21
Enter three floating-point numbers: 27.9 14.31 88.99
Maximum is: 88.99
}
EXAMPLE # 3

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