DIGITAL DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS

FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

USING WALSH SERIES AND LEAST
SQUARES ESTIMATORS

Ali Reza FEREIDUNIAN*,

Mansooreh ZANGIABADI*,
Majid SANAYE-PASAND*,
Gholam POURNAGHI**
* : ECE Dep., Faculty of Engg., University of
Tehran,Tehran, IRAN
*:* Kerman Regional Electric Company (KREC),
Kerman, IRAN
 Differential Protection
 The fundamental principle of
differential protection: sum of the
currents entering a device through
normal paths should be zero:
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL).
 If the currents enter (or leave) through
abnormal paths, namely fault paths,
then the sum of the currents through
normal paths will not be zero.
Differential Protection Illustration

6
 i j  0 ?!
j1
 Problems in transformer
differential protection:
 inrush current,
 CT inaccuracy,
 CT saturation,
 over-excitation.

These problems produce fault trips (fault alarm

when there isn’t any trip) or no alarm when
there is a trip in transformer protection
function
 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
IMPLEMENTATION:

 Current Sensor (CT): converts large

amounts of current to small amounts
 Data Acquisition System: gathering data
 Filter: anti aliasing
 Pre-processor: scaling and so on
 Estimator: estimating peak & phase
 Decision Maker (Classifier): fault/no fault
Effect of CT Saturation on a
Sinusoidal Current:
Magnetizing Curve
5
Flux [V.S]

Current [A]
-5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
Primary

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2
Secondary

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
WE HAVE USED TWO METHODS:

 FOR ESTIMATING PEAK AND

PHASE OF INPUT WAVE.
 Walsh coefficients :
t1  T
1 t
Wk   f ( t ) * Wal (K, )dt
T t1 T

1 2n
Ŵn  n  f (KT)  Wal (KT)
2 k 1
 Walsh Series (Ctd):
 W=A * F
 F=A-1*W
where
 F=[ F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8]
 A-1=AT

I1peak  F  F
1
2
2
2

I 2 peak  F32  F42


 Least Squares :
 A*X = B
 E = A*X – B
2
E / X  0

 X est = LPI(A) * B
T 1 T
 LPI(A) = ( A * A ) * A
 Sampling:
 12 point window (for half cycle estimation)
or
 24 points (for full cycle estimation)
with
 24 sample/cycle sampling system
Least square frequncy response for
fundamental frequency
1.5
cosine filter

1 Essential Harmonic Frequency response

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500

1.5

1
sine filter

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500
frequency [HZ]
The Decision Space
Differential Relay Characteristics Curve
45

40

35
Fault Zone
30

25
|Idif|

20

15
Non-Fault Zone
10

0
0 50 100 150
|Ires|
 Inrush Pattern Recognition

 A significant second harmonic:

Inrush Current Pattern Recognition
 A CASE STUDY
 Real recorded data:

 Transformer internal fault,

 Transformer external fault,
 Transformer inrush current
High and Low Voltage Side
Currents for External Fault
External Fault Currents, High and Low voltage Sides
200
Iha
100 Ihc
Iha, Ihb, Ihc

-100
Ihb
-200
0 50 100 150

200
Ilb
100
Ila, Ilb, Ilc

0
Ilc
-100
Ila
-200
0 50 100 150
Sample (Time)
High and Low Voltage Side
Currents for Internal Fault
Internal Fault Currents, High and Low voltage Sides
200
Iha
100
Iha, Ihb, Ihc

0
Ihb
-100
Ihc
-200
0 50 100 150

50
Ila
Ila, Ilb, Ilc

Ilc
Ilb
-50
0 50 100 150
Sample (Time)
High and Low Voltage Side
Currents for Inrush Current
Inrush Currents, High and Low voltage Sides
100
Iha
50
Iha, Ihb, Ihc

-50 Ihb
Ihc
-100
0 50 100 150 200 250

0.02
Ilb
0
Ila, Ilb, Ilc

Ilc

-0.02 Ila

-0.04
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sample (Time)
Three Phases Differential Currents
in External Fault
Differential Currents Vs. Sample (time)
80
Idiffb
70 Idiffa

60

50

40

30

20

10
Idiffc
0
0 50 100 150
Sample (Time)
. Three Phases Differential
Currents in Internal Fault
Differential Currents Vs. Sample (time)
160
Idiffa

140

120

100

80

60

40

Idiffb
20 Idiffc

0
0 50 100 150
Sample (Time)
Three Phases Differential Currents
in Inrush Current
Differential Currents Vs. Sample (time)
Idiffa
90

80
Idiffc
70
Idiffb
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sample (Time)
Decision Space in External Fault
for three Phases
Fault Zone Bound:Solid line ,Idiff Locus:Dotted line
300

200
|Idiffa|

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
300

200
|Idiffb|

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
300

200
|Idiffc|

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Irest1
Decision Space in Internal Fault for
Three Phases
Fault Zone Bound:Solid line ,Idiff Locus:Dotted line
|Idiffa| 200

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
150

100
|Idiffb|

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
150

100
|Idiffc|

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Irest1
Decision Space in Inrush Current
for Three Phases
Fault Zone Bound:Solid line ,Idiff Locus:Dotted line
|Idiffa| 100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200
60

40
|Idiffb|

20

0
0 50 100 150 200
60

40
|Idiffc|

20

0
0 50 100 150 200
Irest1
Second/Fundamental Harmonic
Ratio for External Fault
Ratio of Second Harmonic to Fundamental (External Fault)
1.5

1
Irest2/Irest1

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Samples (Time)
Second/Fundamental Harmonic
Ratio for Internal Fault
Ratio of Second Harmonic to Fundamental (Internal Fault)
1.5

1
Irest2/Irest1

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Samples (Time)
Second/Fundamental Harmonic
Ratio for Inrush Current
Ratio of Second Harmonic to Fundamental (Inrush)
1.5

1
Irest2/Irest1

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Samples (Time)
General Trip Alarm for External
Fault
Tripping Command of Phases(External Fault)
2

1.5

No Trip Command
1
Trip Signal

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150
Samples
General Trip Alarm for Internal
Fault
Tripping Command of Phases(Internal Fault)
2

1.5 Trip command begins at sample 95

1
Trip Signal

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150
Samples
General Trip Alarm for Inrush
Current
Tripping Command of phases (Inrush)
2

1.5

1
No Trip Command
Trip Signal

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 50 100 150 200 250
Samples
 Summary
 A digital differential relay for transformer
protection was presented.
 Two estimator systems: Walsh series and least
squares algorithms were formulated and
designed.
 The differential protection decision maker
subsystem was introduced.
 Current signals harmonic components and
second harmonic restraint concept were utilized
in decision maker subsystem.
 Conclusion
 In a practical case study, the designed
relay performance was tested under three
real circumstances: external fault, internal
fault and inrush current.
 It was shown -using graphs and
illustrations- that the presented relay
issues trip alarm for transformer internal
fault, and does not issue trip alarm for
external fault and inrush current situations.
 Conclusion (Ctd)
 It were seen that both estimation
algorithms perform their job correctly.
 Walsh series acts better than least
squares algorithm, especially on second
harmonic estimation.
 An anti alias filter (for example a
Butterworth one) will improve response of
the estimator.