CHAPTER 3

CHEMICAL BONDING
AND WATER
At the end of the lecture, you should
be able to :

1. Identify the chemical bonds and molecules.

2. Determine the structure and properties of
water.
3. Describe the aqueous solutions and buffering
mechanisms.
Brief review of the structure and
behavior of atoms
What is an atom?

• The basic building blocks of

ordinary matter/elements.
• Smallest portion of an element
that retains its chemical
properties.
• Made up of protons, neutrons
and electrons.
 What is an atom?
• Each electron has one unit of negative charge.
• Each proton has one unit of positive charge.
• Neutrons are electrically neutral.
• The attractions between the positive charges in
the nucleus and the negative charges of the
electrons keep the electrons in the vicinity of
the nucleus.
 What is an atom?
• Number of proton or electron = ATOMIC NUMBER
• Number of protons and neutrons = MASS NUMBER
• Mass number minus number of protons = NEUTRONS
 ELECTRON
SHELL
Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess and they
occur at certain energy levels or electron shells.

• Electrons with least amount of energy located closest to the

nucleus (innermost shell).
• Electrons with greater amount of energy located far away
from the nucleus (outermost shell).

WHY??
• The first electron shell can hold only 2 electrons.
• Each shell thereafter can hold up to 8 electrons.
 ELEMENTS
• Atom is the smallest portion of an element that retains its
chemical properties.
• Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

4 elements are
responsible for more
than 96% of the mass of
most organism.
What are they?
 ISOTOPES
Elements with same number of proton but different
number of neutrons.

• Thus, they have different masses.

• For example, Carbon-12 is the
most common isotope of carbon.
Its nucleus contains 6 protons and
6 neutrons, so its atomic mass is
12.
• Carbon-14 is a rare radioactive
carbon isotope. It contains 8
neutrons, so its atomic mass is 14.
CHEMICA
L BOND
 CHEMICAL BONDING
Molecule- two or more atoms held together by
forces of attraction called CHEMICAL BONDS.

There are 2 types of molecular attraction:

1. Intramolecular forces
(hold atoms or ions together within a molecules.)
- Covalent bond
- Ionic bond

2. Intermolecular forces
(holding molecules together, attraction forces between molecules)
- Hydrogen bonding
CHEMICAL BONDING
Intramolecular bonding

A. Covalent bond
• A bond between two atoms formed by the
sharing of electron.
• Two types: non-polar and polar bond
• Non-polar bonding
- equal sharing of electrons.
• Polar bonding
- unequal sharing of electrons.
 Covalent bonding
1. Non-polar covalent bonding
• When two identical non-metals equally share
electrons between them.
• The metals have equal ‘pull’ on the shared
electrons.
• Thus have equal electronegativities.
 Covalent bonding
2. Polar covalent bonding
• When electrons are shared unequally
• One atom has greater electronegativity and
therefore has a partial (slight) negative charge
and the other atom has a slight positive
charge.
Covalent bonding
Intramolecular bonding
B) Ionic bond
• A bond between two ions which are formed from
the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Ionic bond- transfer of electron from metal to non-metal
 Intramolecular force
• Ionic bond
 Intermolecular forces
• Holding molecules together/bonding between
molecules.
• Weaker than intramolecular (covalent and ionic
bond).
• Responsible for physical state of compound.
Cause the compound to exist in certain state of
matter: solid, liquid or gas.
Affect :melting & boiling point, solubility.

• Hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen bond
Bonding between hydrogen atom to one of the highly
electronegative atom (such as fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen).
Water
• Abundantly available covering about
70.8% of the Earth’s surface.

• In nature it exists in liquid, solid

and gaseous states.

• At room temperature, it is a nearly

colourless with a hint of blue,
tasteless and odourless liquid.

• Water is the only common substance

found naturally in all three common
state of matter and it is essential for
life on earth.
Water exists in liquid, solid and gaseous states
 Structure of water
• Water consist of partially
positive end (H) and
partially negative end (O).
• There are strong polar
covalent bonds between
oxygen and its two
hydrogen.
• Water tend to form
hydrogen bonds with
other water molecules.
Hydrophilic molecules
• Substances that dissolve readily in water are termed
hydrophilic (“water-loving”).
• They are composed of ions or polar molecules.
• Water molecules surround each ion or polar molecule
on the surface of a solid substance and carry it into
solution.

Ionic compound such as sodium

chloride (NaCl) dissolve because
water molecules are attracted to
the positive (Na+) and negative
(CL-) charge of each ion.
Hydrophilic molecules
6
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
6

• Gravity is shown by the water drops beading up at the bottom of the pine needles trying to fall to the
center of the Earth.
• The property of adhesion here is counteracting gravity, at least so far. Adhesion causes the water to
be sticky to the pine needle, thus preventing it from falling off the needle.
• Cohesion is seen in the actual water drop—the water molecules stick to each other, forming a drop.
 Water properties
1. Surface tension
• An effect within the surface layer of a liquid that
causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
• This effect allows insects (such as water strider) to
walk on water, allows small metal object to float on
the surface of water and causes water to form a
droplet.
 Water properties
2. High specific heat

• Specific heat is defines as the amount of heat that

must be absorbed or lost by 1 gram of a substance to
change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
• Due to its high specific heat:
 Water heats up more slowly than almost any other
compound and holds its temperature longer when
heat is no longer applied.
• This characteristic enables organisms, which have a
high water content to maintain a relatively constant
internal temperature.
6
/
2
4
/
2
0
1
6
 Water properties
3. Water expand as it freezes
• Molecules are far apart when temperature increase
and take up more space.

Why ice (solid) is less dense than water (liquid)?

 Water properties
3. Water is versatile solvent
• Almost all the substance can dissolve in
water.
• This is due to the polarity of water molecules.
 Solute
• Substance that being dissolved by a
solvent.
• Eg: glucose, salt, sugar
 Solvent
• Substance that dissolves a solute.
• Eg: water
 Solution
• A homogenous mixture of dissolve
substances.