HYDROGEN AS FUEL

-A potential for future fuel

Presented by: Guided

Akshay Gupta by:
Dr.Chandni Kriplani
2nd year Asst. Dean Iyr
electrical branch PIET

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR
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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Importance of hydrogen fuel
 Production of hydrogen
 Storage of hydrogen
 Application of hydrogen as fuel

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 INTRODUCTION
 Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the
universe.

 Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy release per unit of

weight of any commonly occurring material. . This property
makes it the fuel of choice for upper stages of multi-stage rockets.

 On combustion of hydrogen the only by-product is heat and water.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol)

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IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
 The Goal of Hydrogen Fuel is to reduce petroleum use, reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce air pollution.

 Hydrogen has significant potential as a clean energy source for

broad range of applications including power production and
transportation.

 Large areas in the country do not have access to electricity which

can be provided decentralized power based on hydrogen energy.

 Hydrogen and fuel cells vehicles can progressively replace

petroleum based vehicles.
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IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN FUEL
 Hydrogen fuel cycle

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IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN FUEL (CONT.)
 Advantages H2- vs. - fossil fuels :
 Engines using hydrogen will last much longer and start faster in
any weather.

 Hydrogen is the only fuel whose production and end use can both
contribute directly to eliminating many of our environmental,
economic, and health problems.

 Clean engine exhaust is probably the best of all the advantages .  .

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HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Method of production:
 Electrolysis of water : An electrical current used to separate
water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen.

Electrolysis of water ship Hydrogen Challenger

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 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (CONT.)
 Photo electrochemical water splitting: using electricity produced
by photovoltaic systems offers the cleanest way to produce
hydrogen. Water is broken into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis—
a photo electrochemical cell (PEC) process which is also named
artificial photosynthesis.

 Concentrating solar thermal : Very high temperatures are required

to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen. A catalyst is required to
make the process operate at feasible temperatures. Heating the water
can be achieved through the use of concentrating solar power.
This technology could be readily scaled up to the megawatt
range by multiplying the available reactor units and by connecting the
plant to heliostat fields (fields of sun-tracking mirrors) of a suitable
size.
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 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (CONT.)
 Thermo-chemical production : There are more than 352
thermo chemical cycles which can be used for water splitting such
as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle,
zinc-oxide cycle, sulphur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and
hybrid sulphur cycle produce hydrogen and oxygen without using
electricity. Research is going on this.

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STORAGE OF HYDROGEN
 Hydrogen has a very low volumetric energy density at ambient
conditions, equal to about one-third that of methane.

 A nonreactive noble gas called xenon combined with hydrogen and

other massive pressure gives rise to a solid that can be later used to
store hydrogen fuel.

 Hydrogen can be stored in the form of “Hydrides”

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APPLICATION OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL
Fuel cell
 A fuel cell is simply a device that takes in oxygen from the air
and hydrogen from a tank, and reacts them in a controlled way to
produce water vapour and electric power. In a vehicle, that power
can then be directed through an ordinary electric motor to turn the
wheels.

 A fuel cell works like a battery but does not run down or need
recharging. It will produce electricity and heat as long as fuel
(hydrogen) is supplied.

 Fuel cell is 99.9% efficient as automotive fuel.

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APPLICATION OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL (CONT.)

 Working of fuel cell:

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APPLICATION OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL (CONT.)
Hydrogen internal combustion engine
 Single-Cylinder Hydrogen, Spark Ignition Engine :
Hydrogen-powered engines could act as a bridging technology
toward a large-scale hydrogen infrastructure by using the well-
known and widely used internal combustion engine as the device
that transforms the energy stored in hydrogen into motion.

 Multi-Cylinder Hydrogen, Spark Ignition Engine :

Currently, this multi-cylinder engine is being operated with
hydrogen port injection on a variable air/fuel ratio operating
concept. At low engine loads, very lean combustion of hydrogen
air mixtures allows efficient and virtually emissions-

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APPLICATION OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL (CONT.)

 The advantage of using ICE (internal combustion engine) such as

wankel and piston engines is that the cost of retooling for
production is much lower. Existing-technology ICE can still be
used to solve those problems where fuel cells are not a viable
solution as yet, for example in cold-weather applications.

 BMW has been active in the development of hydrogen as an

automotive fuel. Researchers from BMW have
developed an engine optimized for hydrogen operation

 BMW plans to further improve the overall efficiency of future

iterations, by utilizing the waste heat from the exhaust.
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ANY QUERIES

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