HOW DO ENZYMES Biochemistry –

BT156IU
WORK? Instructor: Le Hong Phu
Topic 9. How do enzymes work?
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1. Trịnh Quốc Khánh
2. Ngô Thị Thuỳ Trang
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3. Hoàng Minh Huy
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4. Lê Nguyễn Lam Ngọc
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5. Nguyễn Thanh Liêm
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6. Nguyễn Ngọc Phương Uyên
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7. Văn Thị Ngọc Dung
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 What is an Enzyme?

How do enzymes
Enzyme Mechanism
work?

Factors affecting
Enzyme Activity
I. What is an Enzyme?

• Enzymes is a biological catalyst

• All known enzymes are considered as
proteins, but some examples of RNA
catalysis are also found
I. What is an Enzyme?

• Catalyze biochemical reactions

• Mediate the transformation of one form of
energy into another
• Classified based on the types of reactions
that they catalyze: 6 common groups
 II. Enzyme Mechanism
• Active site: a specific location where substrate binds to

How to activate catalytic reactions?

II. Enzyme Mechanism
• Enzyme regulation: regulate metabolic
activities of enzymes in the cell

Cofactor & Coenzymes

Allosteric enzymes

Zymogen activation
II. Enzyme Mechanism
• Cofactors and Coenzymes: non-protein components
II. Enzyme Mechanism
• Allosteric enzymes: enzymes can change their conformational shapes
relying on signal molecules
II. Enzyme Mechanism
• Zymogen: precursor
enzyme that undertakes
activation to become an
active enzyme
• A 4-step catalytic reaction:
How enzyme and substrate bind together?
• 4 catalytic strategies:

Acid/Base Catalysis: proton carrier

Covalent Catalysis: electron carrier

Electrostatic Catalysis: charge stabilization

Proximity and Orientation Effects: optimize collision

Two models for enzyme-substrate interaction:

Lock-and-key model (Emil Fischer,

1894)
• Determined high specificity of
enzyme
• Complementary geometric shape
between enzyme and substrate
• No transition state explanation
Two models for enzyme-substrate interaction:

Induced Fit Model (Daniel Koshland, 1958)

• Flexible structure of enzyme => conformational changes
• Greater range of substrate specificity
II. Enzyme Mechanism

• The reactants have to

absorb energy as heat to
reach the transitional state
• Enzyme decrease the level
of Ea
• It helps to speed up the
reaction rate
How to stop enzymes catalyzing?

Concentration of products

Concentration of substrates

Presence of allosteric inhibitors

Absence of coenzymes/cofactors
 III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 1: Enzyme concentration

The concentration of the enzyme

is increased
 The velocity of the reaction
proportionately increases
III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 2: Substrate concentration

Substrate concentration
increases
 The rate of enzymatic
reaction increases UNTIL a
limiting rate is reached
III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 3: Temperature

Each enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is more active

Optimal temperature
III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 3: Temperature

Optimal
temperature

Enzyme activity gradually lowers

III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 3: Temperature

Optimal
temperature

Enzyme activity gradually lowers

III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 4: pH
III. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity
Factor 5: Activators
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING