Professional Documents
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(ii) Applicability
(iii) Essentials of a Contract of Sale
Definition
It is a contract by which the ownership of movable
goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer. The
term ‘contract of sale’ is defined in Section 4(1) of the
Sale of Goods Act as-
“A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby
the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the
property in goods to the buyer for a price”
, Exchange,sale
Classification of Goods
(i) Existing Goods (ii) Specific goods (iii)unascertained goods
’
Condition as to Sample
In a sale by sample there is a implied condition that the
goods shall correspond with the sample in quality, and the
goods shall be free from the defects which render them
unmerchantable.
Sale by sample has following three conditions:
(i)Correspondence of Goods with sample in quality [sec
17(2)(a)]
(ii)Reasonable opportunity of comparing goods with the
sample [Sec 17(2)(b)]
(iii) Merchantability of Goods [Sec 17(2)(c)]
Condition as to Sample as well as Description
[Sec 15]
Sometimes, the seller shows sample to the buyer and
also gives him description. In such case, the implied
condition is that the goods shall correspond with both,
the sample as well description.
Condition as to Merchantability
[Section 16(2)]
The term merchantability means two things:
(i) If goods are purchased for resale, they should
be immediately re-saleable; &
(ii) If goods are purchased for self use then they should
be reasonably fit for the purpose for which they are
generally used.
.
Condition & Warranties
Condition is a Warranties are subsidiary
stipulation which is or collateral to the main
essential to the main
purpose of the contract.
purpose of the
It is not of vital importance.
contract.
The main contract can be
Itis of vital completed even if warranty
importance is not fulfilled.
Condition & Warranties
In case of breach of In case of breach of
condition, the buyer may warranty, the buyer cannot
put an end to the put an end to the
contract. contract. He can only
claim damages from the
Abreach of seller.
as a A breach of warranty
condition
may be treated
breach of warranty. cannot be treated as a
breach of condition.
Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
[Sec 16]
The doctrine of caveat emptor is a fundamental
principle of law of sale of goods. It means ‘Caution
Buyer’ i.e. ‘let the buyer beware’. In other words, it is
no part of the seller’s duty to point out defects in his
own goods. The buyer must inspect the goods to find
out if they will suit his purpose e.g. certain pigs are
sold ‘subject to all faults’. These pigs being infected
cause typhoid to the other healthy pigs of the buyer.
The rule of caveat emptor would apply.
Exceptions to the Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
(i) Condition as to Quality or Fitness for Buyer’s purpose
(ii) Where the seller makes a false representation or obtains
consent of the buyer by fraud
(iii) Condition as to Merchantability
(iv) Condition as to Wholesomeness
(v) Condition implied by the Custom or Trade Usage