PRODUCTION

PROCESS

SAURABH GULIANA-12
SAMPADA KULKARNI-28
HARSHIT MARU-32
SHWETA MISHRA-34
PRITHA RANGASWAMY-44
YOGESHKUMAR VISHWAKARMA-57
 PRODUCTION PROCESS

 Production process is concerned with transforming a range

of inputs into those outputs which are required by market.
 Two types of resources are used:

Transforming resources
Plant, machinery, computers, labour etc.

Transformed resources
Raw-material, subparts, etc.
 PRODUCTION
PROCESS

INTERMITTE CONTINUOUS
NT PROCESS PROCESS

PROJECT JOBBING BATCH MASS PROCESS

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
FLOWS FLOWS FLOWS FLOWS FLOWS
 INTERMITTENT PROCESS
 Production is done at regular intervals.
Products are manufactured only when the orders
are received.

 CONTINUOUS PROCESS
Involves standard set of processes in an orderly
manner.
Products are manufactured for stock.
 PROJECT PRODUCTION FLOWS

 A company accepts a single, complex order or contract.

 The order must be completed within a given period of
time and at an estimated cost.
 Examples: publishing a new book, construction of
airports, hospital, roads, etc.
 FEATURES

 Time scale of making product is relatively long.

 Activities involved in the production are not clearly
defined or uncertain.
 Each activity has a well defined start and finish.
 Pre-bid

Close Estimate
out

Develop
ment Contract

Preparati Procure
on ment
 ADVANTAGES

 Large scope for each projects.

 Equipment flexibility.

DISADVANTAGES

 Delays in production process due to complexity

 Various requirements of resources
 JOBBING PRODUCTION FLOWS
 Also called as one-off production.
 Involves producing custom work, such as a one-off
product for a specific customer or a small batch of work
in quantities usually less than those of mass-market
products.
 Examples: making railings for a specific house,
building/repairing a computer for a specific customer,
making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc.
 ADVANTAGES

 Quality of work
 Workers are motivated
 Customized production
 DISADVANTAGES

 Labour intensive
 Cost of producing one unit or job is higher
 Requires investment in skills and training
 BATCH PRODUCTION

 Batch production basically refers to a process in which

products are manufactured or produced in groups instead of
individually.
 Batch does not move onto the next stage of the production
process until the whole batch is done.
 Example: baked goods, clothing, computer chips, newspaper,
etc.
 ADVANTAGES

 Reduces unit cost

 Variety of products 
 Flexibility
 Increase efficiency
 DISADVANTAGES

 Over production
 Idle time
 Interest level
 Space
 Machine reset
 MASS PRODUCTION FLOWS

 Mass production is the name given to the method of

producing goods in large quantities at low cost per unit.
 done by using an assembly line, or another efficient
means of production.
 Examples: canned goods, household appliance, drugs,
etc.
Coca cola production Process
 ADVANTAGES

 A reduction in labour cost.

 An increase rate of production
 Reduced human error.
 Time taken is less.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Inflexible.
 Lack of varieties in products.
 Expensive.
 PROCESS PRODUCTION FLOWS

 Used when the demand is continuous and high.

 Single raw material can be transformed into different kind
of products in different stages.
 Example: crude oil, plastic, etc
 Two types:
Analytical process of production.
Synthetic process of production.
 ADVANTAGES

 Process can be automated and hence cost is reduced.

 Large quantity of production.
 Ideal for products with consistent quality.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Fault in one type of raw-material results into a different

end product.
 Heavy investments.
 Difficult and disruptive if the production process has
stopped in between.
 COMPARITIVE STUDY
Description Project Jobbing Batch Mass Process

Output Highly Customized Semi-Standardized Standard Highly standard

characteristics customized
goods & services

Example of Building Machine shop, Food ,Pharmaceutical Automobiles Steel mill, paper
Industry Bridges, dams tool room mill

Example of _ Press Cakes, chips, cookies Television sets, Crude oil, sugar,
goods produced tools,Moulding Computers flour, Soaps
tools
Volume Very High Low Low to Moderate High Very High

Output Variety Extremely low Very high Moderate Low Very Low

Equipment Low to High Very high Moderate Low Very Low

flexibility
Cost Estimation Complex Difficult Somewhat routine Routine Routine

Cost per unit Very High High Moderate Low Low

 Equipment Varies General General purpose Special purpose Special
used purpose purpose
Fixed cost Varies Low Low to Moderate High Very High

Variable Cost High high Moderate Low Very Low

Labour skills Low to high High Moderate Low Low

Scheduling Complex,Subje complex Moderately complex Routine Routine

ct to change

Work-in- Varies High High Low Low

process
Inventory
Advantages  Suitable for Able to handle Flexible Low unit cost, Very efficient,
non routine wide variety of high vol., efficient Very high
time and cost work volume
bound work
Disadvantages Difficult to plan Slow, High cost Moderate cost per Low flexibility, Very rigid,
and control, per unit, unit, Moderate High cost of Lack of variety
Delay in Complex planning complexity Downtime
Completion planning and
scheduling
Case Study
 1.Salt production Process:
Bulk shipping for
industrial customers

Water Brine is Drying process to

supply produced in salt Boiling process to
obtain salt crystals remove residual
caverns moisture
Moved to conveyer belt
to be processed further

Block press for block

salt extraction

Pellet press for pellet

salt extraction
Round can filled
with salt for
Groceries
Line 1
Round cans filled Screening process
with salt for
Groceries Line 2
 2.Quality assurance checks:

1.Salt is checked for purity standards when it is obtained from salt caverns at initial
stage

2.Level of Iodine and Anti caking components are verified by chemical analysis.

3.Contaminated part of the salt produced in later stages is diverted to Nonfood product

4.Visual inspection for

 Correct Assembly production
 Correct weight of salt filled cans
 Labeling of cans
 Correct attachment of plastic pour to cans
 3.Possible reasons:

• Training cost for the workers will incur for the new machinery

• Production will be delayed to some extent as the workers will need sufficient time to
understand features/specifications of new equipments .
 4. Production Process Spectrum:

Continuous production system

1.Mass production flow takes place till the salt is stored in silos

2.Process production process is carried after salt from silos is moved to Conveyer belt as a
single raw form of salt is processed at different stages to get 3 different varieties(output) at four
different stages, i.e. block salt, salt pellets and canned salt for groceries
 5.Improvements/Suggestions

1.New machineries can be installed so as to reduce the maintenance cost and also to
boost up the production which is currently less due to building of scales periodically
in the present machinery

2.Company can think of Outsourcing the cans for packaging of Salt f the cost incur in
outsourcing is less than that of manufacturing

3.Electronic scanners can be installed for QC for checking weight of salt filled cans
and also the labeling of cans to avoid human error in inspection

4.Company can make sure that machinery/ Equipment is up to date with advance
tech. to avoid extra cost in manufacturing unavailable replacement parts of old
machines
THANK YOU!!!