Secondary Wastewater Treatment

(Biological Processes)
Joko Wintoko
DepartemenTeknik Kimia FT UGM
2016
Wastewater treatment
WASTEWATER :
Physical Contaminats:
Large solid objects
Suspended solids
Chemical Contaminats:
Biodegradable organics
Nutrients Waste Water Treatment
Refractory chemicals (WWT)
Heavy metals
Dissolved inorganic solids
Biological Contaminats:
Pathogens Treated water:
• Reuse/recycle
• Disposed off in environment
Wastewater treatment
Treatment level Wastewater constituent removed
Preliminary Rags, sticks, floatables, grit, grease etc.
Primary A portion of suspended solids and
organic maters
Advanced Enhanced removal of SS & Org M,
primary usually by chemical addition or filtration
Secondary BOD & SS
Secondary with BOD, SS and nutrients (N & P)
nutrients
removal
Tertiary Residual SS & disinfection
Advanced Residual TDS & TSS.
Objectives of Biological Treatment
1. Transform dissolved and particulate
biodegradable constituents into acceptable end
products.
2. Capture and incorporate suspended and
nonsettleable colloidal solids into a biological
floc or biofilm.
3. Transform and remove nutrients (N & P)
4. In some cases, remove specific trace organic
constituents and compounds.
Biodegradasi
Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh pada
pertumbuhan mikroba: Oksigen (aerob, anaerob,
fakultatif)
Masing-masing mengikuti mekanisme yang berbeda
Biodegradasi Aerob
Fungsi Oksigen
1. Electron acceptor
 Fungsi oksigen bisa digantikan oleh senyawa lain, eg.
Nitrat, sulfat, hidrogen.
 Biodegradasi tetap berlangsung meskipun oksigen
terbatas
 Polutan + O2  CO2 + H2O + biomassa

2. Reaksi enzymatis
 Biodegradasi berhenti jika oksigen tidak ada
Biodegradasi Anaerob
Polutan  CH4 + CO2 + biomassa
Dua tahap proses
CH4 and CO2

CO2 and CH4 Second

Methane forming
Stage
Bacteria
H2S Organic
acid

Acid forming •Anaerob

Bacteria (fakultatif ) •Sensitif thd pH First
Stage
Organic Masalah umum:
matter
organic shock loading
Anaerob vs Aerob
Anaerob:
Kelebihan
Keterbatasan
 Produksi
 Proses biomassa
sensitif, khususnya(sludge)
dari organic shock loading
rendah
 Waktu dan stabil
start-up relatif lama (pertumb mo lambat)
 Kebutuhan
 Perlu nutrient rendah
post-treatment
 Tdak memerlukan energi
untuk aerasi
 Menghasilkan gas metan (sbg
bahan bakar)
 Organic loading rates
(org/vol.waktu) tinggi
 Sludge tetap aktif meskipun
tdk ada umpan dalam waktu
lama
Aerobic process
 Types of aerobic processes
Type Comon name Use
Suspended Activated sludge
growth Aerated lagoon  BOD removal
Aerobic digestion Stabilization, BOD
removal


Attached Trickling filter
growth Rotating biological
contactor
BOD removal
Packed bed reactor
Hybrid Trickling filter/ Activated BOD removal
(combined) sludge
suspende &
attached
Aerobic suspended
growth process
Activated sludge
Aerated lagoon
Aerobic digestion
Activated sludge
Activated sludge with plug-flow reactor
Plug flow AS reactors connected to clarifiers
Activated sludge with mixed-flow reactor
Activated sludge with mixed-flow reactor
Activated sludge with
Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR)
Aerated lagoon
Aerated lagoon
Aerial view of the 
Veazie Sanitary District's aerated lagoon system.
Aerobic attached growth
process
Trickling filter
Rotating biological contactor
 Trickling filter
A trickling filter consists
of a fixed bed of rocks,
gravel, slag, polyurethane
foam, sphagnum peat
moss, or plastic media
over which sewage or
other wastewater flows
downward and is
contacted with a layer or
film of microbial slime
covering the bed media.
A typical complete
trickling filter
system
 Trickling filter
The process mechanism involves:
• adsorption of organic
compounds in the sewage or
other wastewater by the layer
of microbial slime,
• diffusion of air into the slime
layer to furnish the oxygen
required for the biochemical
oxidation of the organic
compounds to release carbon
dioxide gas, water and other
oxidized end products.
Rotating biological contactor
Rotating biological contactor
Anaerobic process
 Types of anaerobic processes
Type Comon name Use
Suspended Anaerobic contact process BOD removal
growth Anaerobic digestion
Stabilization, solid
destruction, pathogen kill
Attached growth Anaerobic packed and BOD removal, stabilization
fluidized bed
Sludge blanket Upflow anaerobic sludge BOD removal (esp. high
blanket strength)

Hybrid Upflow sludge BOD removal

(combined) blanket/attached growth
suspende &
attached
Anaerobic suspended
growth
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic Attached
growth
Anaerobic packed bed
Anaerobic fluidized bed
Anaerobic sludge blanket
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket