Chapter 2

Introduction to C++

Namiq Sultan
University of Duhok
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Reference: Starting Out with C++, Tony Gaddis, 2nd Ed.

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C++ Compiler Operation
Source Code

Preprocessor Compiler Linker

Compiler Executable
Machine Code

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Program 2-1

//A simple C++ program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout<< "Programming is great fun!";
return 0;
}

Program Output:
Programming is great fun!
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2.1 Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> Preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; Output statement

return 0;
String constant
}
send 0 to operating system
end of block for main

Chapter 2 slide 4
Table 2-1 Special Characters
Char Name Description
// double slash Marks the beginning of a comment.
# Pound sign Marks the beginning of a preprocessor
directive
<> Opening and Encloses a filename when used with the
closing brackets #include directive
() Opening and Used in naming a function, as in
closing int main ()
parenthesis
{} Opening and Encloses a group of statements, such as
closing braces the contents of a function.
"" Opening and Encloses a string of characters, such as a
closing message that is to be printed on the
quotation marks screen
; Semicolon Marks the end of a complete
programming statement

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2.2 The cout Object
• Use the cout object to display information on the
computer’s screen.

The cout object is referred to as the standard output
object.

Its job is to output information using the standard
output device

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Program 2-2
// A simple C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; insertion
operator
int main ()
{
cout << "Programming is " << "great fun!";
return 0;
}

Output:
Programming is great fun!

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Program 2-3

// A simple C++ program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout << "Programming is ";
cout << " great fun!";
return 0;
}

Output:
Programming is great fun!
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 Program 2-4
// An unruly printing program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "The following items were top sellers";
cout << "during the month of June:";
cout << "Computer games";
cout << "Coffee";
cout << "Aspirin";
return 0;
}
Program Output
The following items were top sellersduring the month of June: Computer
gamesCoffeeAspirin

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 New lines
• cout does not produce a newline at the end of a statement
• To produce a newline, use either the stream manipulator endl
• or the escape sequence \n

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 Program 2-5
// A well-adjusted printing program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "The following items were top sellers" << endl;
cout << "during the month of June:" << endl;
cout << "Computer games" << endl;
cout << "Coffee" << endl;
cout << "Aspirin" << endl;
return 0;
}

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 Program Output

The following items were top sellers

during the month of June:
Computer games
Coffee
Aspirin

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 Program 2-6

// Another well-adjusted printing program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "The following items were top sellers" << endl;
cout << "during the month of June:" << endl;
cout << "Computer games" << endl << "Coffee";
cout << endl << "Aspirin" << endl;
return 0;
}

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Program Output
The following items were top sellers
during the month of June:
Computer games
Coffee
Aspirin

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Program 2-7

// Yet another well-adjusted printing program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "The following items were top sellers\n";
cout << "during the month of June:\n";
cout << "Computer games\nCoffee";
cout << "\nAspirin\n";
return 0;
}

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Program Output

The following items were top sellers

during the month of June:
Computer games
Coffee
Aspirin

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Table 2-2 Common Escape Sequences
Escape Name Description
Sequence
\n Newline Causes the cursor to go to the next line for
subsequent printing
\t Horizontal Causes the cursor to skip over to the next tab
tab stop
\a Alarm Causes the computer to beep

\b Backspace Causes the cursor to back up, or move left one

position
\r Return Causes the cursor to go to the beginning of the
current line, not the next line.
\\ Backslash Causes a backslash to be printed

\' Single quote Causes a single quotation mark to be printed

\" Double quote Causes a double quotation mark to be printed

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2.3 The #include Directive
• The #include directive causes the contents of another
file to be inserted into the program
• Preprocessor directives are not C++ statements and do not
require semicolons at the end

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2.4 Variables and Constants
• Variables represent storage locations in the computer’s
memory.
• Constants are data items whose values do not change while
the program is running.
• Every variable must have a declaration.

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Program 2-8

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int value;
value = 5;
cout << "The value is " << value << endl;
return 0;
}

Program Output:
The value is 5

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 Assignment statements:

Value = 5; //This line is an assignment statement.

• The assignment statement evaluates the expression on the right
of the equal sign then stores it into the variable named on the
left of the equal sign
• The data type of the variable was in integer, so the data type of
the expression on the right should evaluate to an integer as
well.

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2.5 Identifiers
• Must not be a keyword
• The first character must be a letter or an underscore
• The remaining may be letters, digits, or underscores
• Upper and lower case letters are distinct

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 Table 2-3 The C++ Keywords
asm auto bool break case catch
char class const const_cast continue default
delete do double dynamic_cast else enum
explicit export extern false float for
friend goto if inline int long
mutable namespace new operator private
protected
public register reinterpret_cast return short signed
sizeof static static_cast struct switch template
this throw true try typedef typeid
typename union unsigned using virtual
void volatile wchar_t while
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Table 2-4 Some Variable Names

Variable Name Legal or Illegal?

dayOfWeek Legal

3dGraph Illegal. Cannot begin with a digit.

_employee_num Legal

june1997 Legal

Mixture#3 Illegal. Cannot use # symbol.

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2.6 Integer Data Types
• There are many different types of data. Variables are
classified according to their data type, which determines
the kind of information that may be stored in them.
• Integer variables only hold whole numbers.

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 Program 2-12
// This program shows three variables declared on the same line.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int floors, rooms, suites;
  floors = 15;
rooms = 300;
suites = 30;
cout << "The Grande Hotel has " << floors << " floors\n";
cout << "with " << rooms << " rooms and " << suites;
cout << " suites.\n";
return 0;
}
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Program Output
The Grande Hotel has 15 floors
with 300 rooms and 30 suites.

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2.7 The char Data Type
• Usually 1 byte long
• Internally stored as an integer
• ASCII character set shows integer representation for each
character
• ‘A’ == 65, ‘B’ == 66, ‘C’ == 67, etc.
• Single quotes denote a character, double quotes denote a
string

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Program 2-14
// This program uses character constants
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char letter;
  letter = 'A';
cout << letter << endl;
letter = 'B';
cout << letter << endl;
return 0;
}
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Program Output
A
B

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Strings

• Strings are consecutive sequences of characters and can

occupy several bytes of memory.
• Strings always have a null terminator at the end. This marks
the end of the string.
• Escape sequences are always stored internally as a single
character.

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• Let’s look at an example of how a string is stored in memory.
• “Good Luck" would be stored.

G o o d L u c k \0

• ‘A’ is stored as 65

• "A" is stored as 65 0

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 Review key points regarding characters, and strings:

• Printable characters are internally represented by numeric codes.

Most computers use ASCII codes for this purpose.
• Characters occupy a single byte of memory.
• Strings are consecutive sequences of characters and can occupy
several bytes of memory.
• Strings always have a null terminator at the end. This marks the
end of the string.
• Character constants are always enclosed in single quotation
marks.
• String constants are always enclosed in double quotation marks.
• Escape sequences are always stored internally as a single
character.
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2.8 Floating Point Data Types

• Floating point data types are used to declare variables that

can hold real numbers

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// This program uses floating point data types
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float distance;
float mass;
distance = 1.495979;
mass = 1.989;
cout << "The Distance is " << distance << " kilometers \n";
cout << "The mass is " << mass << " kilograms.\n";
return 0;
}
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Program Output
The Distance is 1.4959 kilometers
The mass is 1.989 kilograms.

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2.9 The bool Data Type
• Boolean variables are set to either true or false

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Program 2-17
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
bool boolValue;
boolValue = true;
cout << boolValue << endl;
boolValue = false;
cout << boolValue << endl;
return 0;
}
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Program Output
1
0

Internally, true is represented as the number 1 and false is

represented by the number 0.

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 2.11 Variable Assignment and Initialization

• An assignment operation assigns, or copies, a value into a

variable. When a value is assigned to a variable as part of
the variable’s declaration, it is called an initialization.

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 Program 2-19
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int month = 2, days = 28;
cout << "Month " << month << " has " << days << " days.\n";
return 0;
}

Program output:
Month 2 has 28 days.

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 2.13 Arithmetic Operators

• There are many operators for manipulating numeric values

and performing arithmetic operations.
• Generally, there are 3 types of operators: unary, binary,
and ternary.

Unary operators operate on one operand

Binary operators require two operands

Ternary operators need three operands ( ?: in ch 4)

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Table 2-8 Fundamental Arithmetic Operaotrs
Operator Meaning Type Example
+ Addition Binary Total = Cost + Tax;
- Subtraction Binary Cost = Total - Tax;
* Multiplication Binary Tax = Cost * Rate;
/ Division Binary SalePrice = Original/2;
% Modulus Binary Remainder = Value%3;

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Program 2-21
// This program calculates hourly wages. The variables are:
// regWages: holds the calculated regular wages.
// basePay: holds the base pay rate.
// regHours: holds the number of hours worked less overtime.
// otWages: holds the calculated overtime wages.
// otPay: holds the payrate for overtime hours.
// otHours: holds the number of overtime hours worked.
// totalWages: holds the total wages.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float regWages, basePay = 18.25, regHours = 40.0;
float otWages, otPay = 27.78, otHours = 10;
float totalWages;
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Program 2-21

  regWages = basePay * regHours;

otWages = otPay * otHours;
totalWages = regWages + otWages;
cout << "Wages for this week are $" << totalWages << endl;
return 0;
}

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 2.14 Comments
• Comments are notes of explanation that document lines or
sections of a program.
• Comments are part of a program, but the compiler ignores
them. They are intended for people who may be reading the
source code.
• Commenting the C++ Way
//
• Commenting the C Way
/* */

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Program 2-22
// PROGRAM: PAYROLL.CPP
// Written by Herbert Dorfmann
// This program calculates company payroll
 
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
float payRate; // holds the hourly pay rate
float hours;// holds the hours worked
int empNum; // holds the employee number
 
(The remainder of this program is left out.)
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Program 2-24
/* PROGRAM: PAYROLL.CPP
Written by Herbert Dorfmann
This program calculates company payroll */
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
float payRate; /* payRate holds hourly pay rate */
float hours;/* hours holds hours worked */
int empNum; /* empNum holds employee number */
 
(The remainder of this program is left out.)

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 2.15 Programming Style

• Program style refers to the way a programmer uses identifiers,

spaces, tabs, blank lines, and punctuation characters to
visually arrange a program’s source code.

Generally, C++ ignores white space.

Indent inside a set of braces.

Include a blank line after variable declarations.

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 Program 2-26

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ){float shares=220.0; float avgPrice=14.67; cout
<<"There were "<<shares<<" shares sold at $"<<avgPrice<<"
per share.\n"; return 0;}

Program Output
There were 220 shares sold at $14.67 per share.

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Program 2-27
// This example is much more readable than Program 2-26.
 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
float shares = 220.0;
float avgPrice = 14.67;

  cout << "There were " << shares << " shares sold at $";
cout << avgPrice << " per share.\n";
return 0;
}
Program Output
There were 220.0 shares sold at $14.67 per share.
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