Renewable Energy Recourses

 www.worldenergy.org
 www.worldenergyoutlook.org
 www.iea.org
 http://www.bp.com/
 http://www.eesi.org/topics/fossil-fuels/description#.U5gtp3KSzpU
 http://www.solarpowernotes.com/
 https://www.brainshark.com/malvern/vu?pi=853174314

Eng Chingosho @2018

 Energy is critical for growth and development of all economic, social and
environmental parameters of society.
 Maturing societies must plan to supply more and efficient energy services
with development.
 Decisions around energy source, usage, energy mix, dependence and
treatment of wastes (emissions) must consider the following;

Accessibility
(of affordable energy; indigenous vs. imported energy options).

Acceptability
(of the energy sources used, particularly in environmental , health and safety
terms).

Availability (how secure and reliable are those sources when needed?).
(World Energy Council 2007)
Fossil fuel imports accounts for as much as 95% of
total primary energy for some countries.
REN options are a critical hedge against times of
energy scarcity BUT currently only 3% of the energy
mix in Zimbabwe.

Accessibility of affordable local or imported fuels;

acceptability of the options in sensitive and
vulnerable ecosystems; and availability when
needed for small economies will influence the
selection of the best fuel options.
Energy Sources
 Energy Carriers

Primary
Transformatio Transformatio Transformatio
energy Storage Transport Storage Distribution Storage Utilization
n n n
production

Transporte Mixed
Crude oil Degassed, Transporte Distribute
Stored d (to stored Refined Stored Stored with Utilization
extracted stabilized d d
refinery) additives

 Solid e.g. coal

 Liquids e.g. gasoline, jet fuel, ethanol, liquefied gases
 Gases e.g. natural gas, synthetic gas
 Electricity (Currently, the only environmental friendly energy carrier)
 Hydrogen is seldom used as an energy carrier. It is a great alternative to electricity.
 Hydrogen is easier to stored compared to electricity.
 Total Primary Energy Supply by resource

The supply and use of

energy have powerful Universal access to commercial
economic, social and energy still remains a target for
environmental impacts the future

In Africa and Asia, the pace of

electrification lags far behind
the growing demand

World Energy Council, World Energy Resources, 2013

World Consumption of Primary Energy
Primary Energy Regional Consumption 2014
Fuel consumption by region 2016
Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017

© BP p.l.c. 2017
2014 Nuclear Energy & Hydroelectricity Consumption
by Region
“Other” Renewable Energy Consumption
 Key Drivers for Energy Demand

 Population growth

 Economic development

 Social development
Population and economic growth are the main drivers of global energy
demand
 Energy Use Per Person is
Increasing

We seek to meet the growing

demand for secure, affordable
energy, while addressing
climate change and other issues.
 Fossil Fuels Drawbacks

 Fossil fuels are finite/exhaustible – dwindling fossil fuel

resources
 Environmental impact of the increasing use of fossil
fuels
 Energy security concerns

 Transition to renewable and sustainable energy

sources is inevitable
Carbon intensity
 Main factor for CO2 emission is carbon intensity of
energy (CO2 produced/unit of energy used).
 Energy demand and energy intensity (quantity of
energy required/unit output or activity) are less
influential in CO2emission levels.
 Countries with high proportions of renewable and
nuclear (e.g. Brazil and France) have low carbon
intensities; countries which use high proportions of
coal (e.g. China and Australia) have high intensities.

Eng Chingosho @2018

 Atmospheric CO2 as a Function of Time

 Amount of CO2 in the

atmosphere has been
rising at a steadily
increasing rate

 Currently rising at a rate

that exceeds 16 Gt per
year

 CO2 emissions from

fossil fuels are currently
approaching 35 Gt per
year

David Faiman, Concerning the global-scale introduction of renewable energies: Technical and economic challenges, MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY // VOLUME 1 // e3 // www.mrs.org/energy-sustainability-
Global CO2 Emissions
 There may be a causal
link between the rising
emissions from fossil fuel
consumption and the
increasing concentration
of atmospheric CO2

 Efforts to reduce CO2

emissions have focused
upon support for the
development and
implementation of power-
generating technologies
based on renewable
energy sources with low
carbon footprint
 Energy Transition

The transition
toward green – New business
resource- opportunities
efficient, low- are arising
emission
energy sources
New jobs are
being created
The decline in costs of important renewable technologies &
increasing technological maturity is starting to challenge
Energy Efficiency & Sustainability
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
 EE in industry contributes to decoupling economic growth and environmental
impact while reducing industrial energy intensity and improving
competitiveness.
 Industry consumes > 1/3 global primary energy and generates > ¼ -1/3
Energy -related CO2 emissions.
 Estimated annual energy use growth of industry => 1.8 % -3.1 % over the
next 25 years.
 Industrial efficiency is below the technically feasible and economic optimum.
 Technical potential to decrease energy intensity and emissions by up to 26 %
and 32 % respectively = 8.0 % and 12.4 % reduction in total global energy
use and CO2 emissions (IEA).
 EE in industry is a cost -effective measure to decouple linkage between
economic growth demands and environmental degradation (vis a vis climate
change). (UNIDO 2012)
United Nation: Sustainable Energy for All

 In 2012 UN global initiative called Sustainable

Energy for All aimed at mobilising action in
support of three interlinked objectives to be
achieved by 2030:
1. Universal Energy Access: Providing universal
access to modern energy services;
2. Renewable Energy: Doubling the share of
renewable energy in the global energy mix;
3. Energy Efficiency: Doubling the global rate of
improvement in energy efficiency.
Sustainable Resources
 Is it possible for a country to Achieve
100 % Renewable Energy?

Genesis 11:6 And the Lord said, Behold, they are one people …
nothing they have imagined they can do will be impossible for them
 Countries With 100% Renewable Energy

 Iceland – Built as it is on a volcano, Iceland has tapped the earth’s natural warmth
to supply 85% of the country’s housing with heat. Between geothermal and
hydropower, the electricity supply is 100% renewable energy.
 Lesotho – The small mountainous African country of Lesotho also has practically
100% renewable electricity, thanks to the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.
 Albania – with large scale hydroelectric facilities, the country runs on around
85% renewable electricity.
 Norway’s top three sources of electricity are hydroelectric, geothermal and wind.
Its generating capacity is around 98% renewable, but if you look at the country’s
consumption, that falls to 24% because most of the clean energy Guarantees of
Origin have been sold to neighbouring countries.
 Paraguay – Itaipu dam, one of the world’s largest, provides 90% of Paraguay’s
electricity.
 Bhutan & Mozambique

http://makewealthhistory.org/2012/07/09/countries-with-100-renewable-energy/
Barriers for a Country to Become 100% Renewable

 Minimize energy wastage: Energy not consumed is energy saved. Energy

conservation should be an important aspect for all new constructions.
 High capital investment: Some renewable, like wind, geopower and large solar,

needs transmission lines to transmit electricity produced and needs high capital
investment.
 Storage: Renewable generation will require energy storage to help fill the gap

between energy production and demand.

 Smart grid development: as resource scheduling should match renewable

generators with demand, coordinate storage and shed loads during peaks.
 Technical Issues: Technically it is essential that smart grid should be developed

and energy storage and micro- grids should be integrated into it.
 Policy: The biggest challenge for the government is to create the regulatory

framework, set high standards, and provide solar incentive to people which will
enable economies to shift their energy use to renewable. The process will include
substantial investment; the benefits will include clean energy, economic
development and job creation.
nn
 Two Major Barriers to Any Swift Energy
Transition

Scale Energy Density

 Amount of energy  Replacing a higher

currently provided by energy density source
fossil fuels (oil & natural gas)

 Size of the embedded  Replacing a lower-

infrastructure cost source

Energy Vision 2013, Energy Transitions: Past and Future, World Economic Forum, January 2013
 GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE
ENERGY BY ASSET CLASS, 2004-2011, $BN

Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2012, Frankfurt School - UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance
 GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY:
DEVELOPED VS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 2004-2011, $BN

Bloomberg New Energy Finance

GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY BY
SECTOR, 2011, AND GROWTH ON 2010, $BN

Bloomberg New Energy Finance, UNEP

Trend in Solar Energy Cost
Price History of Si PV Cells
Potential Disruptive Technologies
 Energy Challenges

Energy security represents a challenge in its

own right. More than 60% of the world’s known
reserves of natural gas are in just five countries,
and more than 80% of global oil reserves are
located in nine countries, most of which are
distant from the hubs of energy consumption.
 Meeting the Energy Challenge: 1
 Energy Demand: With energy demand projected to rise due to increase in
population & income, the global energy challenge is to manage and meet the
demand affordably, sustainably and securely
 Effective Policy: Governments must set a stable and enduring framework for the
private sector to invest and for consumers to choose wisely. This includes secure
access for the exploration and development of energy resources & an appropriate
legal & regulatory environment, which includes an economy-wide price on carbon
 A diverse mix of Energy Sources and Technologies can enhance global &
national energy security while supporting the transition to a lower-carbon economy
 Energy Efficiency: Greater energy efficiency addresses several aspects of the
energy challenge. It helps with affordability – because less energy is needed. It
helps with security – because it reduces dependence on imports. And it helps with
sustainability – because it reduces emissions

http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/sustainability/group-reports/BP_Sustainability_Review_2013.pdf
 Meeting the Energy Challenge:2

 Decreasing the cost of energy,

 Increasing security with respect to resource
holders,
 Increasing the intrinsic operational safety or
reliability, and/or
 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Nanotechnology-based Solutions
Summary
Nanotechnology as Solution to Energy Issues

Nanotechnology will help fill our need for energy

solutions through more efficient lighting, fuel cells,
hydrogen storage, solar cells, locally distributed
power generation, and decentralized generation and
storage by reinventing the power grid
 Solution to Energy Issues
Energy and Climate Change Carbon Intensity
"The most significant impact on emissions can be
made by reducing carbon intensity rather than energy
intensity".

"In the short to medium term, the sector which gives

most scope for reduced carbon intensity and
emissions is electricity, because of the availability of
low or zero carbon technologies”