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CHAPTER-9
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SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Sampling Concepts
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 Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects that form

the subject of study in a particular survey and are similar in one or more
ways.
 Element: An element comprises a single member of the population.
 Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of a
population with proper identification that is available to us for selection at
any stage of sampling.
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 Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some elements

of the population.
 Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a single member of the sample.
 Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of elements
from the population so that the study of the sample will not only help in
understanding the characteristics of the population but will also enable us
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to generalize the results.

 Census (or complete enumeration): An examination of each and every
element of the population is called census or complete enumeration.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Advantages of Sample over
Census
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 Sample saves time and cost.

 A decision-maker may not have too much of time to

wait till all the information is available.
 There are situations where a sample is the only
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option.
 The study of a sample instead of complete
enumeration may, at times, produce more reliable
results.
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A census is appropriate when the population size is

small.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Sampling vs Non-Sampling Error

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 Sampling error: This error arises when a sample is not

representative of the population.
 Non-sampling error: This error arises not because a sample is
not a representative of the population but because of other
reasons. Some of these reasons are listed below:
 Plain lying by the respondent.
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 The error can arise while transferring the data from the questionnaire to the
spreadsheet on the computer.
 There can be errors at the time of coding, tabulation and computation.

 Population of the study is not properly defined

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 Respondent may refuse to be part of the study.

 There may be a sampling frame error.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Sampling Design
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Probability Sampling Design - Probability sampling designs

are used in conclusive research. In a probability sampling
design, each and every element of the population has a
known chance of being selected in the sample.

Types of Probability Sampling Design

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Simple random sampling with replacement

Simple random sampling without replacement

Systematic sampling
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Stratified random sampling

Cluster sampling

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Sampling Design
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Non-probability Sampling Designs - In case of

non-probability sampling design, the elements of
the population do not have any known chance of
being selected in the sample.
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Types of Non-Probability Sampling Design

Convenience sampling
Judgemental sampling
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Snowball sampling
Quota sampling

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Determination of Sample Size

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The size of the population does not influence the size of the
sample

Methods of determining the sample size in practice:

Researchers may arbitrary decide the size of sample
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without giving any explicit consideration to the accuracy of

the sample results or the cost of sampling.
The total budget for the field survey in a project proposal is
allocated.
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Researchers may decide on the sample size based on

what was done by the other researchers in similar studies.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Determination of Sample Size

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Confidence interval approach for determining the size of the

sample

The following points are taken into account for determining the
sample size in this approach.

The variability of the population: Higher the variability as

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measured by the population standard deviation, larger will be the

size of the sample.
The confidence attached to the estimate: Higher the confidence
the researcher wants for the estimate, larger will be sample size.
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The allowable error or margin of error: Greater the precision the

research seeks, larger would be the size of the sample.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Determination of Sample Size

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Sample size for estimating population mean -

The formula for determining sample size is given
as:
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Where

n = Sample size
σ = Population standard deviation
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e = Margin of error
Z = The value for the given confidence interval

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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Determination of Sample Size

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Sample size for estimating population proportion –

1. When population proportion p is known
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2. When population proportion p is not known

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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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END OF CHAPTER
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND