Concrete Technology

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, MODULUS OF

RUPTURE, FATIQUE, PREFABRICATION OF CONCRETE
Preview:
The effect of temperature on different properties of concrete is considerable and remained the subject of research
activities of a lot of researchers. Different investigators moved in different ways and investigated temperature
effect by changing different parameters such as w/c ratio, mix ratio, early change in temperature etc.

Effect of High Temperature:

It has been found that high early temperature has negative impacts on later strength of concrete. Some
researchers investigated the adverse effect on long term strength of concrete due to high initial temperature. High
initial rate of hydration due to increased temperature retards the subsequent hydration and produces a non-
uniform distribution of the products of hydration. Its reason is that at high initial rate of hydration, there is
insufficient time available for the diffusion of the products of hydration away from the cement particle and for a
uniform precipitation in the interstitial space. All this results in concentration of the products in the vicinity of
the hydrating particles which causes subsequent retardation in hydration and effects strength
Assignment-1
• Effect of temperature on compressive strength of Concrete
• Low and High temperature effect on Concrete Strength
• Describe their effect at different Stages

Submission Date: 15-01-2020

Stress:
Stress is defined as force per unit area that the force acts upon. Thus, Stresses are either tensile or compressive. ... For
instance, concrete is strong in compression and relatively weak in tension.

Strain:
Strains in concrete are the reduction in volume of concrete after the application of loading then change in volume
with respect to volume of concrete before applied loading is the measure of strains in concrete.
Mathematically: 

Strain = change in length / original length.

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete can be defined as the slope of the line drawn
from stress of zero to a compressive stress of 0.45f' c
Stress-strain Relationship in compression
Modulus of Elasticity
 The slope of the initial straight portion is the initial tangent modulus.
 The slope of the joining the point to the origin is the secant modulus.
 The value of secant modulus depends on the stress and the rate of application of
the load.
 Elastic modulus is greatly depend on stiffness of aggregates.
 for limestone and sandstone aggregate the value from equation should be
reduced by 10% and 20%
Tensile Strength
Modulus of rupture is a measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams or slabs.
The tensile strength of concrete is about the tenth of compressive strength.
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an
unreinforced con- crete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading
6 x 6-inch (150 x 150-mm) concrete beams with a span length at least three times the
depth.
Fatigue:
Fatigue is caused by repeated application of stress to the metal. It is the failure of a
material by fracture when subjected to a cyclic stress.

Fatigue is distinguished by three main features.

 Loss of strength
 Loss of ductility
 Increased uncertainty in strength and service life
 Fatigue is an important form of behavior in all materials including metals, plastics,
rubber and concrete.
 All rotating machine parts are subjected to alternating stresses. Example: aircraft
wings are subjected to repeated loads, oil and gas pipes are often subjected to static
loads but the dynamic effect of temperature variation will cause fatigue.
 There are many other situations where fatigue failure will be very harmful.
 Because of the difficulty of recognizing fatigue conditions, fatigue failure comprises a
large percentage of the failures occurring in engineering.
 To avoid stress concentrations, rough surfaces and tensile residual stresses, fatigue
specimens must be carefully prepared.
S-N Curve
 A very useful way to visual the failure for a specific material is with the S-N curve.
 The “S-N” means stress verse cycles to failure, which when plotted using the stress
amplitude on the vertical axis and the number of cycle to failure on the horizontal
axis.
 An important characteristic to this plot as seen is the “fatigue limit”.
Factors affecting fatigue properties
 Surface finish:
Scratches dents identification marks can act as stress raisers and so
reduce the fatigue properties. Electro-plating produces tensile residual stresses and
have a detrimental effect on the fatigue properties.
• Temperature:
As a consequence of oxidation or corrosion of the metal surface
increasing, increase in temperature can lead to a reduction in fatigue
properties.
• Residual stresses:
Residual stresses are produced by fabrication and finishing processes.
Residual stresses on the surface of the material will improve the fatigue properties.
• Heat treatment:
Hardening and heat treatments reduce the surface compressive stresses; as a result the
fatigue properties of the materials are getting affected.
• Stress concentrations:
These are caused by sudden changes in cross section holes or sharp corners can more
easily lead to fatigue failure. Even a small hole lowers fatigue-limit by 30%.
PREFABRICATION
INTRODUCTION:
• Prefabrication is the production of housing or housing components , using factory
mechanization.
• It enhances the affordability through a combination of quantity , purchasing of material ,
mass-production , assembly techniques ant the use of less skilled labor.
• Prefabrication may take three forms- prefabricated components , modular housing ,
manufactured housing.
• Prefabrication, in architectural construction, is a technique whereby large units of a
building are produced in factories to be assembled, ready-made, on the building site.
• The technique permits the speedy erection of very large structures. It has been applied to
urban housing for more than a century
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
• Dimensional coordination of the components governs the choice of material to be used.
• An accurate tie-up between the respective dimensions of structure and cladding units is
essential and thus a material with a higher degree of tolerance shall be used.
• Materials that allow a large span construction shall be used.
• Actual manufactured components vary slightly when made from the specified
dimensions , thus a material shall be used which gives minimum variation.
• Economic and cost– effective materials.
• Aesthetically sound material shall be used to improve the appearance of building.
• material must be able to take the structural loads and stresses.
• A material that can be moulded to variety of shapes shall be used.
• Ease of maintenance.

AIMS OF PREFABRICATION
• To speed up the construction time.
• To lower the labor cost .
• To allow the year round construction.
• To ensure precise conformity to building codes , standards and greater quality
assurance.
• To allow less wastage of materials than n in site- built construction.
• To ensure higher worker safety and comfort level than in site- built construction