INTERFRENCE

ANALYSIS
PRESENTED BY:- QURICA DHAWAN
ROLL NO.:- CO17542
ECE 6TH SEMESTER
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Sources and Causes of Interference
• Types of Interference
Cross polarisation Interference
Intermodulation Interference
Interference due to unauthorised carrier
Interference from terrestrial microwave link
• Atmospheric and Ionospheric effect on link
design
INTERFERENCE IN SATELLITE
INTRODUCTION
An interference is that which modifies a signal in a disruptive manner, as it
travels along a channel between its source and receiver. The term is often
used to refer to the addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal.
Interference is mainly concern on:
• Interference type
• Source of interference
• Cause of interference
SOURCES & CAUSES OF INTERFERENCE
Source
•Neighboring Customer
•Adjacent Satellite
•Self-Customer
•Opposite Polarization
•Others
External Factors: 40.22%
Internal Factors: 59.78%
Causes
•Human Error: 28%
•Cross-pole: 35%
•Deliberate Interferences: 3%
•Hardware Problems: 7%
•Unknown carriers: 27%
 TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
• Cross polarisation interference
• Intermodulation interference
• Interference due to unauthorised
carrier
• Interference from terrestrial
microwave link
 CROSS POLARISATION INTERFERENCE
This arises in cases where two different terminals are up-linking signals in the opposite sense of the same kind of
polarization, for example vertical polarization (VP) adjacent to horizontal polarization (HP), or right-hand circular (RHC)
adjacent to left-hand circular (LHC) polarization. The extent of cross polar interference then depends on the ground
station antenna cross polar gain and the cross polar discrimination margin implemented in the system. Co-ordination of
network parameters specifications between the ground stations of the different satellite networks also plays a major role
in defining the extent of this type of interference.

Source
• If XPD level of an uplink antenna is less than 30 dB, antenna will transmit both vertical and horizontal polarizations
• Therefore, cross pole will occur at the other satellite or transponder with opposite pole and will interfere the existing
carrier.

Causes
• Poor antenna pointing and cross pole isolation
• Sudden change in the antenna pointing due to mistake or storm
• Carrier uplink without performing proper UAT with PCNS

Prevention
• Do not uplink the carrier without performing UAT with PCNS
• Do not uplink un-modulated carrier for UAT before PCNS’s directions
• Perform Regular Preventive maintenance
INTERMODULATION INTERFERENCE
Introduction
If more than one carrier are transmitted by a single HPA, mixing or Intermodulation (IM) processes take place
• This results in Intermodulation products which are displaced from the carriers at multiples of the difference
frequencies
• The power level of the Intermodulation products are dependent on the relative power level of the carrier and
the linearity of TWTA or SSPA.
• The frequencies of the Intermodulation products are:
2f1-f2 f1: frequency of carrier #1
2f2-f1 f2: frequency of carrier #2
• It can occur at both E/S and Satellite

Cause
• U/L power level of the each carrier is set so high that the Intermodulation occurs
• U/L power level is increased without considering the possibility of intermodulation
• Increasing the U/L power without informing PCNS.
How does it affects?
• It reduces the Eb/No of your carrier using at the same frequency
• May raise the Noise Floor of some slots
• Existing uplink power at would be used more than normal
• Therefore, you have to replace new RFT to get more power when you would want to put
new carriers into it.

Prevention
• Verify the link budget of the station transmitting more than one carrier before
transponder access
• Aggregate input back-off for HPA or RFT must be defined and informed to up linker. Do
not increase U/L power without informing PCNS
• Do not operate with overused power.
• Nyquist pulse shaping criterion
INTERFERENCE DUE TO UNAUTHORISED
CARRIER
Interference due to unauthorized carriers results from carriers (with content) being transmitted
towards a satellite without any prior contact/authorization put in place with the satellite operator
(e.g. piracy).

Source
• Earth Station Equipment

Causes
• Transmission of wrong carrier frequency by the user
• Unauthorized access
• Uplink CW for UAT before calling PCNS
• Equipment malfunction

Prevention
• Verify U/L frequency before transponder access
• Do not uplink un-modulated carrier (CW) before PCNS directions
• Perform UAT
• Request PCNS if customer wants to uplink a new carrier for special purpose at some vacant slot
• Perform Preventive Maintenance periodically
INTERFERENCE FROM TERRESTRIAL
MICROWAVE LINK
• The 6/4 GHz frequency bands allocated to the satellite communications are also
allocated to the terrestrial microwave links. Thus the receiving earth station working at
4 GHz band is susceptible to interference from terrestrial microwave transmissions at 4
GHz. Thus the transmitting earth station working at 6 GHz band may generate
interference into terrestrial microwave transmissions at 6 GHz.
• Thus there may be mutual interference between earth station and terrestrial
microwave system.
• It has been established that this mutual interference(M) is a function of the carrier
power, carrier spectral density and frequency offset between two carriers.
• This interfering signal maybe reduced by using carrier offset frequency.
• The standard specification of such interference power has been 25dB below the
satellite carrier power. In other words, the carrier to terrestrial interference ratio is
25dB.
ATMOSPHERIC & IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON
LINK DESIGN
It is widely known that atmospheric and ionospheric propagation are subject to absorption, diffusion,
refraction, rotation of the polarization plane of the electromagnetic wave. These effects are dependent on
the path length and so are more pronounced at small elevation angles.
The lower layers of atmosphere cause absorption
and diffusion. These cause some kind of emission
and so an increase in the noise power at the
receiving antenna is created.
The upper layer of the atmosphere causes
refraction and the depolarization is produced when
the radio waves traverse the ionosphere.
Atmospheric attenuation is of no importance at
frequencies below 10 GHz but there are few
molecular resonance absorption lines at which
signal attenuation is extreme.
Oxygen and water vapour have such absorption bands but these are of no significance at 6/4GHz.
A set of typical total atmospheric attenuation curves as a function of frequency for different
elevation angles.
It is evident that the atmosphere has a small effect on the link quality at frequencies between 2 GHz
and 10 GHz and for high elevation angles.
The rain attenuation depends on frequency, rainfall rate, diameter and distribution of raindrops. It is
estimated by the formula
𝐴 (dB) = 𝛾𝑅 (dB/km) × 𝐿eff (km),

where 𝛾𝑅 (dB/km) is the specific attenuation and 𝐿eff (km) is the effective path length.

At frequencies 4 and 6 GHz except at very heavy rain conditions , rain attenuation effect is negligible.
Under very heavy rain conditions, rain attenuation effect is few decibels.
At 10 GHz and above the atmospheric and rain effects become more significant and margins of
approximately 20-30 dB would be necessary at 30 GHz to give protection against fades occurring for
small percentages of the time.
Actually the contribution of noise due to rains and ionospheric scintillations etc are quite small for
frequencies below 30 GHz.
CONCLUSION
Most of the interferences are caused by human error and they are
easy to resolve once the source of the signal is determined.
• Carrier ID is a promising technology that will ease the solution
process dramatically and Satellite communication community has to
work together to spread the use of Carrier ID.
• It is important to resolve interference once it occurs whereas it is
more desirable to avoid and reduce the number of interference cases.
THANK YOU!