Uniform & Non-Uniform motion

O Uniform Motion:
Definition: Uniform motion can be defined as the body
covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
1.Motion of the hour/minute/second hand of a clock
2.A train going along the track at steady speed 
3.A cooling fan running at a fixed speed 
4.The Earth moving around the sun
5.Rotating fan
6.A vibrating spring in a sewing machine.
7.Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock
8.The Moon moving around the Earth.
O Non-Uniform Motion:
Definition : Non-uniform motion can be defined as the body
covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.
1. A horse running in a race
2. A bus on its way through the market
3. Movement of an asteroid
4. Aircraft moving through the clouds and then landing
5. A man running a 100 m race
6. A car coming to a halt
7. A train coming to its terminating stop
8. A car colliding with another car.
 Speed & Average Speed
O The distance travelled by an object in unit time is
called speed.
O To specify the speed of an object, we require only
its magnitude.
O It is a scalar quantity.
O Speed = Distance/Time
O SI unit: m/s
O Other units: cm/s , km/h
O The total distance travelled by an object in total
time is called average speed in case non-uniform
motion.
O Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time
 Useful Conversions
O1 km/h = (1 × 1000/3600) m/s
O1 m/s = (1 × 3600/1000) km/h
O1 km = 1000 m
O1 hour = 60 minutes
O1 minute = 60 seconds
O1 hour = 3600 seconds
Example 8.1 An object travels 16 m in 4 s
and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is the
average speed of the object?
 Quick Recap
O Introduction to motion
O Types of motion
O Vector and Scalar quantities
O Distance and Displacement
O Numerical
O Uniform and Non-uniform motion
O Speed and Average speed
O Important conversion
O Numerical
We know that, Speed=Distance / time
Extra
.°. Time =distance practice questions
/ speed
Let's see the first case,
1.A car travels
d1 = distance = 30 km 30 km at a uniform speed of
40 km/h
v1= speed and the next 30 km at uniform
= 40 km/h
speed of 20 km/h. Find its average
t 1= time = distance/speed = 30 / 40 = 3/4 h speed.
Let's see the second case,
d2 = 30 km
v2 = 20 km/h
t2 = 30 / 20 = distance/speed = 3/2 h
Avg. Speed =Total distance/ Total time
= (d1 + d2)/(t1+t2) = (30 + 30) / (3/4 + 3/2)
= 60 / (3 + 6) /4
= 60 / 9 × 4 =20 / 3 × 4 = 80 / 3= 26.67 km/h
Avg. Speed = total distance/total time
Vavg.2.On
= dtotal /t km track, a train travels the
a 120
Therefore,
first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/h.
How fast must the train travel the next 90
total time, t = dtotal/ Vavg.
km as to average 60 km/h for the entire
Fortrip.
120 km, t = 120/60 = 2 h
For 1st 30 km, t1 = 30/30 = 1 h (1st Case)
So, time for remaining 90 km (2nd Case),
t2 = t – t1 = 2 -1 =1 h
Therefore speed = distance/time(t2)
= 90/1
 Velocity & Average Velocity

OVelocity is the speed of an object

moving in a specific direction.
OA displacement performed in unit time
is called a velocity.
OTo specify the velocity of an object, we
require its magnitude and direction
both. So, it is a vector quantity
OVelocity = Displacement/Time
OSI unit: m/s , Other units: cm/s, km/h
The velocity of a body can be changed
OBy changing the speed of the body
OBy changing the direction of motion
of the body.
OBy changing both, the speed and
direction of motion.
Avg. Velocity =Total Displacement/Time
(When an object changes its speed along a
straight line.)
Avg. Velocity = (initial + final velocity)/2
= (u + v)/2
(When the velocity of an object is changing
at a uniform rate, then average velocity is
given by the arithmetic mean of initial
velocity and final velocity for a given
period of time.)
(a)A to B
Distance, d1 = 300 m, Displacement, s1 = 300 m
Time, t1 = 2 mins. 30 s = 2×60 + 30 = 120 +30 = 150 s
Therefore, Average speed = 300/150 = 2 m/s
Average velocity = 300/150 = 2 m/s
(b) A to C
Distance, d2 = 400 m, Displacement, s2 = 200 m
Time, t2 = 150 s + 1 min. = 150 s + 60 s =210 s
Therefore, Average speed = 400 /210 = 40 /21 = 1.90 m/s
 Speed Velocity

1 It is a rate of distance. It is a rate of displacement.

Speed = Distance/time Velocity = Displacement/time

2 It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

It can be positive, negative or

3 It is always positive.
zero.

It indicates rapidity and position

4 It indicates rapidity of an object.
of an object.
When an object perform its motion on a
straight path without changing its direction.

Distance

The path looks like a straight line.

 Distance-Time Graph(Uniform motion)
Time(s) 0 60 120 180 240 300
Distance(m) 0 10 20 30 40 50

60
50 50
Distance (metre) 

40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (second) 
Time, t = 5 minutes = 5×60 = 300 seconds
Speed of light, s = 3×108 m/s,
Distance, d=?
Speed (s) = Distance(d)/Time(t)
 d = s × t = 3×108 × 300 = 900 × 108
= 9 × 1010 m
Therefore, Distance was 9 × 1010 m
Homework: Example 8.3
Example 8.3 Usha swims in a 90 m long pool.
She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming
from one end to the other and back along the
same straight path. Find the average speed and
average velocity of Usha.

Total Distance, d= 180 m, Time, t = 1 min. = 60 s

Avg. speed = 180/60 = 3 m/s

Total Displacement, s = 0 m
Avg. velocity = 0/3 = 0 m/s
 My Questions & Your Answers
O Tell me something about a reference frame
O Tell me one-one example of moving & stationary
object
O Tell me some types of motion
O Tell me about linear & circular motion
O Tell me one difference between distance &
displacement.
O Tell me one similarity between speed & velocity
O Tell me the use of an odometer & a speedometer
O Tell me the case in which an average velocity of an
object will be equal to its average speed
O Tell me one-one example in which a average velocity of
an object will negative & zero.
A particle is moving in a circle of diameter
Distancethe
5m.Calculate = 47.1 m &covered
distance Displacement = Zero
& the displacement
when it completes 3 revolutions. (Take Π = 3.14)
A body is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s. If the
motion is uniform,Velocity
what will bem/s
= 15 the velocity after 10
seconds.
A train travels some distance with a speed of 30 km/h
& returnsAverage
with aSpeed
speedof of
the45
train = 36 Calculate
km/h. km/h the
average speed of the train.
A car travels along a straight line for first half time
with speedAverage
40 km/hSpeed
& second half=time
of a car with speed 60
50 km/h
km/h. Find the avg. speed of the car.
A train 100 m long moving on a straight level track
passes a poleSpeed
in 5 s.= Find
20 m/s (a)&the
time = 30ofs the train (b)
speed
the time it will take to cross a bridge of 500 m length.
A body starts rolling over a horizontal surface with an
initial velocity of 0.5 m/s . Due to friction, its velocity
time = 10 s 2
decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s . How much time
will it take for the body to stop?
A car travelling at 36 km/h speeds upto 72 km/h in 5 s.
Acceleration = 2 m/s 2
& Retardation = -1
What is its acceleration? If the same car stops in nextm/s 2

20 s, what will be the retardation?

A train moving with a speed of 36 km/h takes 14 s to
cross a bridge of length(b) 10040m.m The length of the train
is (a) 140 m (b) 40 m (c) 100 m (d) 360 m
 Acceleration
O An acceleration is defined as the rate at which
an object changes its velocity.
O It is denoted as ‘a’.
O It is expressed as:
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
Therefore, a = v-u/t, where u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
O Acceleration is a vector quantity as it depends
on a velocity of a moving object.
O SI unit: m/s/s = m/s2 Other units: cm/s2 , km/h2
 Try it!
Calculate acceleration for the following
cases.
1st Case: u = 30m/s , v = 50 m/s & t = 10 s
a = v-u/t = 50 -30/10 = 20/10 = 2 m/s2
2nd Case: u = 70m/s , v = 40 m/s & t = 10 s
a = v-u/t = 40 -70/10 = -30/10 = - 3 m/s2
Conclusion:
If v >u then a is positive & called an acceleration.
If v < u then a is negative & called a retardation.
Example 8.4 Starting from a stationary position, Rahul
paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6 m/s in 30 s.
Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the
bicycle comes down to 4 m/s in the next 5 s. Calculate
the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.
1st Case:
u = 0 m/s, v= 6 m/s, t = 30 s
a = v-u/t = 6-0/30 = 6/30
= 1/5 = 0.2 m/s2
2nd Case:
u = 6 m/s, v = 4 m/s, t = 5 s
a = v-u/t = 4-6/5 = - 2/5 = - 0.4 m/s2
Examples of Acceleration:
O Falling of an object due to gravity
O A driver increases the speed of a car
O A person starts walking from rest
O Waterfall
O A ball rolls down on a slope.
Examples of Retardation:
O Slowing down a vehicle by applying brakes
O Landing of Aeroplane
O Switching off a rotating fan
O A train reaching at a station
O A ball climbs up on a slope.
 Acceleration Retardation
It is always positive. It is always negative.
Velocity of the body increases with Velocity of the body decreases
time. with time.
Final velocity is greater than Initial Final velocity is less than Initial
velocity. velocity.
(i)A body is said to be in uniform
acceleration when velocity of the body
moving along a straight line changes
equally in equal intervals of time.
(ii)A body is said to be in non uniform
acceleration when velocity of the body
moving along a straight line changes
unequally in equal intervals of time.
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=+ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 20 30 40 50 60

70
60 60
Velocity (m/s) 

50 50
40 40
30 30
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration
20 20 as velocity increases at uniform
rate.
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=-ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 50 40 30 20
70
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration as
60 60
velocity decreases at uniform rate.
50 50
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
30 30
20 20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= +ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 30 45 60
70
Positive(+ve) Acceleration as v > u
60 60
50
Velocity (m/s) 

45
40
30 30
20 20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= -ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 65 40 30 25 10
70
65
60
Negative(-ve) Acceleration as v < u
50
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
30 30
25
20
10 10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
u= initial velocity= 80 km/h = 22.2 m/s
v= final velocity = 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s
t= time = 5 s
a= acceleration = ?
a=v-u/t
a= 16.7-22.2/5
a= -5.5/5
a = -1.1 m/s2
u= 0 m/s
v= 40 km/h = 11.11 m/s = 11.1 m/s
t= 10 minutes = 600 seconds
then a = ?
a=v-u/t
a= 11.1-0/600
a= 11.1/600 = 111/6000
a = 0.0185 m/s2
https://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/metric-acceleration.html
Dist., Disp., Speed, Velocity  Dependent
Time (t)  Independent
 Distance-Time Graph (Uniform Motion)
Time 0 60 120 180 240 300
Distance 0 10 20 30 40 50

60

50 50
40
Distance (metre) 

40

30 30 Oppo.= 40 -20 =20

20 
20
Adj.= 240 -120 =120 tan = 20/120
10 10 = 0.167 m/s

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Time (second) 
 Distance-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance(m) 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
40

35 36

30
Distance (metre) 

25 25

20

15 16

10 9
5 4
0 0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (second) 
 Distance-Time Graph (For Stationary Object)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance(m) 40 40 40 40 40 40

45
40 40 40 40 40
40
35
30
distance (m) 

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second) 
 Distance-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents the speed. If the
slope is more, the speed is more and if the slope is
less, the speed is also less.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for a stationary
object.
O The graph is typical parabola for non-uniform
motion.
O The graph is parallel to distance axis for infinite
speed.
 Speed-Time Graph (Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
speed(m/s) 40 40 40 40 40 40

45
40 40 40 40 40
40
35
30
speed (m/s) 

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second) 
 Speed-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
speed(m/s) 0 20 18 12 40 0
45
40 40
35
30
speed((m/s) 

25
20
20 18
15
12
10
5
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (second) 
 Speed-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents an acceleration. If
the slope raise right side , there will be an
acceleration and if the slope fall right side, there
will be a retardation.
O The area covered by the graph represents a distance.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform
acceleration.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for uniform
motion.
O The graph is irregular for non-uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to speed axis for infinite
acceleration.
Velocity-Time Graph(Uniform Motion with a=0 m/s 2)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 60 60 60 60
70
60 60 60 60 60
60
50
Velocity (m/s) 

Zero Acceleration as u=v

40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=+ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 20 30 40 50 60
70
60 60
50 50
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
30 30
Uniform (Constant) Acceleration
20 20 as velocity increases at uniform
10 rate.

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a=-ve constant)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 60 50 40 30 20
70
60 60 Uniform (Constant) Acceleration as
velocity decreases at uniform rate.
50 50
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
30 30
20 20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= +ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 30 45 60
70
60 Positive(+ve) Acceleration as v > u 60
50
Velocity (m/s) 

45
40
30 30
20 20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion & a= -ve variable)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20
Velocity(m/s) 65 40 30 25 10
70
65
60
50 Negative(-ve) Acceleration as v < u
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
30 30
25
20
10 10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion with a=0,a>0,a<0)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 36 10 25 25 0
40

35 36

30
a< 0 a=0
a>0
Velocity (m/s) 

25
25 25

20 20
a< 0
15

10 a>0 10

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time (second) 
Velocity-Time Graph(Non-Uniform Motion with a>0 & a<0)
Time(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Velocity(m/s) 0 20 18 12 40 -40
50
Velocity (m/s) 

40 40
a>0
30
20 18 a<0
20 a>0
10 a<0 12
a<0 Time (second) 
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-10
Velocity (m/s) 

-20
-30
-40 -40
-50
 Velocity-Time graph
O The slope of this graph represents an acceleration. If the
slope raise right side , there will be an acceleration and if
the slope fall right side, there will be a retardation.
O If the slope raise right side negatively , there will be an –ve
acceleration and if the slope fall right side negatively, there
will be a -ve retardation.
O The area covered by the graph represents a displacement
/distance.
O The graph is linear inclined for uniform acceleration.
O The graph is parallel to time axis for uniform motion.
O The graph is irregular for non-uniform motion.
O The graph is parallel to speed axis for infinite acceleration.
Thank You!