Submitted to : Sir Waqar Ahmed

Submitted by : Syeda Zoha Hassan Taqvi

Roll no #1717034

Semester 7th batch 8

School of Orthotics and Prosthetics

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Osteoarthritis
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Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a
degenerative wear-and-tear
process occurring in joints.

The joints may have been

impaired by congenital defect,
vascular insufficiency, or
previous disease or injury.

It is by far the commonest

variety of arthritis.
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Causes:
 Wear-and-tear that exceeds the capacity of the
articular cartilage to renew and repair itself.

 Congenital failures of normal development, such as

hip dysplasia

 Irregularity of joint surfaces from previous fracture.

 Internal derangements, such as a loose body or a torn

meniscus

 Previous disease, leaving a damaged articular

cartilage.

 Joint malalignment .

 Obesity

 Age
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Pathology:

 Any joint may be affected, the lower limb joints more

often than the upper. The articular cartilage is slowly
worn away until eventually the underlying bone is
exposed.

 The bone at the margins of the joint hypertrophies

to form a rim of projecting spurs known as
osteophytes.

 There is no primary change in the capsule or

synovial membrane.
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Clinical features:

 Pain and stiffness in joints.

 Pain worsened with activity

and relieved by rest.

 Pain tends to worsen

throughout the day, whereas
stiffness tends to improve.

 Reduced range of motion

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Diagnosis:

This is usually made clear by the history,

clinical findings, and radiographic features.

Osteoarthritis is not easily confused with

inflammatory forms of arthritis, because
there is no synovial thickening, no increased
local warmth and no muscle spasm;
Radiographs show sclerosis rather than
rarefaction, and the erythrocyte
sedimentation rate is not increased.
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Treatment: 1. no treatment, but advice

and reassurance only
The management of
osteoarthritis exemplifies well
the three categories of
treatment that should be
considered in every
orthopaedic problem namely: 2. conservative treatment

3. operative treatment.
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Conservative Physiotherapy

treatment:
Analgesic drugs

Supportive bandages or orthoses to relieve

stress

Local injection of hydrocortisone

Restrict the amount of walking

 Resting orthoses: These orthoses, made from a
z rigid component, immobilize the joint, thus
excluding any corrective or functional effects. They
Orthotic are rarely prescribed in cases of lower limb
osteoarthritis.
treatment:
One existing therapeutic
treatment approach Flexible orthoses: These are elastic and non-
(mainly for lower limb adhesive, allowing their use with other devices.
osteoarthritis) is the practitioners prescribe them frequently in cases of
prescription of knee osteoarthritis.
mechanical supports,
called orthoses, intended
to compensate and assist Articulated orthoses: These are functional devices
the deficient joint consisting of external rods and hinges. they reduce
function. compressive loads transmitted to the joint surfaces
in the context of internal femorotibial osteoarthritis.

Foot orthoses, inserted into a shoe, or strapped on,

are also available. These are routinely prescribed, in
particular for knee osteoarthritis to reduce pain and
improve function. They are mainly prescribed with
knee orthosis.
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Operative Osteotomy to realign joint

usually to correct varus and
treatment: valgus deformity.

Arthoplasty the construction of

new joint which is choice of
treatment in cases with hip
and knee osteoarthritis.

Arthrodesis , elimination of
joint by fusion .
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References:

 Adams outline of orthopaedic 14th

edition

 https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/dise
ases--conditions/arthritis-of-the-k
nee

 https://www.arthrolink.com/en/ost
eoarthritis-folders/all-folders/ortho
ses-and-osteoarthritis
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Thankyou
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