Heat and Power Generation Methods, Analysis and Design

• Steam Cycle Power Plant

• Gas Turbine Cycle

• Nuclear Physics and Power Plants
• Cogeneration

By: Muluken T.
 Steam cycle power plant
1. Khartchenko, Nikolai V., and Vadym M.
Kharchenko. Advanced energy systems. CRC Press,
2013.
2. Elliott, Thomas C. "Standard handbook of
powerplant engineering." (1989).
3. Weston, Kenneth C. "Energy conversion–the
ebook." University of Tulsa (2000).
http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~kenneth-weston/

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• Water is the most abandoned element, think of using as
power source
• Early humans learned how to boil water and found out
that power can be extracted from the steam flow.
• First documented steam power device by: Heron of
Alexandria, around year 60 A.D.

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• Year 1690: Steam piston/cylinder patented by Denis Papin.
• Year 1698: First patent of a steam pump by Thomas Savery.
• The first large industrial steam engine by Thomas Newcomen, around year
1700
• The industrial development was initiated with the steam engine
• Steam traction (locomotives and ships) and steam-engine drives (pumps,
looms, presses, tooling machines, etc.) were completely ruling the industrial
landscape until the 1920’s
• First thermal power plant – a coal-fired steam-engine driven, with overall
efficiency of about 6% (Edison Electric Light Station – one in London and one
in New York, year 1882)
• Modern application – advanced steam cycles for power production using
steam turbines, whatever the source of heat, ranging from small-scale units and
up to 1000+ MW per unit
• The fundamental steam cycle today remains the same!
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 Property of steam
• Steam result form adding sufficient amount of heat to
water, causing it to vaporize
• Compressed liquid
• Saturated liquid
• Saturated vapor
• Supper heated (steam)

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Mollier Diagram (h-s diagram)

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 Thermodynamics of steam power plants
• The Carnot cycle
– is the most efficient cycle operating between two
specified temperature limits

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Rankine Cycle Analysis

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Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle

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 Performance parameters of steam power plants
• Performance of a thermal (steam) power plant is characterized
by;
– Mechanical power output Pnet
– Electrical power output Pel
– Cycle thermal efficiency ηth
– Heat rate HR
– Steam rate ms
– Fuel rate mf
– Electrical (overall) efficiency ηel
– Capacity factor CF
– Availability, reliability, and operating flexibility Friday, June 26, 2020
 Steam power plant efficiency enhancement
1. Increasing Live Steam Parameters and Reducing
Condenser Pressure
2. Steam Reheat Power Plants
1. Single-Reheat Steam Power Plants
2. Double-Reheat Steam Power Plants

3. Steam power plants with regenerative feedwater heating

1. Open Type Feedwater Heaters
2. Closed Type Feedwater Heaters
3. Combination of Closed-Type and Open-Type Feedwater
Heaters
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 Closed-Type Feed-water Heaters
• are made as vertical or horizontal shell-and-
tube heat exchangers with feed-water passing
through the tubes and the steam is fed to the
shell side

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• The deaerator is an open-type, direct contact
feed-water heater used to remove air from
feed-water to prevent boiler tube corrosion

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 Combination of Closed-Type and Open Type Feed-
water Heaters
• Open-type feed-water heaters are thermodynamically more
efficient than closed-type
– the temperature of feedwater leaving the open-type heater is
equal to the saturation temperature at pressure in the heater.
• However, the open-type feedwater heaters need as many pumps as
there are feedwater heaters plus one, and for a large number of
feedwater heater stages (up to 9) the energy consumption for
feedwater
• Pumping is therefore much higher than that for the closed-type
feedwater heaters.

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 Example

• A biomass-fired power plant has a steam cycle with a high-pressure turbine

(HP) and a low-pressure (LP) turbine as illustrated below, where steam from
the HP-turbine is brought back to the boiler and reheated. Steam from the
LP-turbine is extracted to two feed-water preheaters, as illustrated. The
isentropic efficiency for the HP-turbine is 92% and for the LP- turbine 89%.
The mechanical efficiency for the turbine train is 97% and the generator
efficiency 98% (these efficiencies are thus for both turbines together). The
boiler efficiency is 90%. Neglect pump work Cp of feed water as 4.18kJ/kg
C
• Calculate:
a) The extraction mass flows, mX and mY.
b) The total electrical power output
c) The electrical efficiency
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