HEMOSTASIS

▪ Mechanism of cessation of
extravasation of blood by
means of Mechanical or
Chemical methods
 OBJECTIVES

1. To cause minimal bleeding

2. Apply minimally invasive techniques

3. Apply quicker methods

4. Maintain aseptic conditions

5. While applying ligatures friction knot to be used

 METHODS OF HEMOSTASIS

1. PRESSURE HEMOSTASIS
A dressing typically made of gauze should be

applied. The tissue should be gently blotted rather

than wiped.
2. HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS
Crushing of tissue at the point of application leads to clot formation inside the vessel
adjoining the ruptured ends of the inner coats. This can be done using artery forceps or
mosquito forceps. Large vessels are crushed by Ecraseur.
3. LIGATION
It is the ideal method of controlling haemorrhage from a vessel which can be
accomplished first by grasping the vessel followed by putting a ligature. Vascular clips
made of titanium or stainless steel also used for ligations.

e.g., Miller’s knot, Constrictor knot, Strangle knot

4. TOURNIQUET
A cord should be tied around an extremity (limb, tail, penis etc.) and proximal to
bleeding area to control bleeding (not more than one hour i.e. for 20-60 min.)

The use of a tourniquet is not advised in most cases, as it can lead to unnecessary
necrosis or even loss of a limb.
5. ESMARCH’S BANDAGE

Tight bandage is applied completely from distal part of the extremity up to a point
above the site of operation. Afterwards it is applied close to the upper limit of the
bandage to prevent return of blood and then bandage is removed.
6. THERMAL AGENTS
Cauterization of vessel is usually performed by Mono polar coagulation and Bipolar
coagulation.

E.g. : THERMOCAUTERY,ELECTROCAUTERY, LASERS, CRYOSURGERY

7. TOPICAL AGENTS
i. Fibrin adhesives, Oxidized regenerated cellulose, absorbable collagen fibrils and
gelatin sponge with or without thrombus are also helpful for arresting bleeding from small
vessels.

ii. Bleeding from drilled cut or chipped edges of bone can be controlled by using bone
wax plugs physically.

iii. Application of Tincture benzoin, Liq. Ferric perchlorate, collodion, ice, cold water,
glacial acetic acid,silver nitrate can be successfully used for controlling bleeding from
small vessels.
iv. Bleeding from unidentified points of vessels in a wound cavity can be controlled by
packing or plugging the cavity with sterilized gauze pieces (tampon). Tamponing
favours coagulation of blood by exerting pressure in the area.

v. Adrenalin, a vasoconstrictor agent when applied topically controls bleeding

especially from a small bleeding vessel.

vi. Administration of Vitamin K, Calcium, Protamine, Tranexamic acid,

Desmopressin, Etamsylate, Haemocoagulase ,Ergometrin may have remarkable
effect in controlling haemorrhage.
NATURAL REMEDIES OF HEMOSTASIS :
1. TEA (Camellia sinensis) - Leaves
Tannins contain astringent,which causes blood vessels to constrict. It is also a kind
of antiseptic that kills bacteria
2. TURMERIC
3. BEET (Beta vulgaris) - Root
4. KHAIR (Acacia catechu) – Bark
5. DALCHINI (Cinamomum zeylanica) – Bark
6. KORPHAD (Aloe vera) – Leaves
7. SINDUR
It is lead oxide also known as Red lead or Red oxide
 REFERENCES :

1. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery (4th edition) by Fossum

2. www.Wikipedia.org
3. www.Researchgate.net
4. www.Hemablock.com
5. www.aorn.org
6. www.Alamy.com
7. www.slideshare.net