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Chapter 5: George Simmel
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following was a microscopic concern of George Simmel? Select all, but only
those that apply.
a. psychological components of everyday life
b. interpersonal relationships
c. the social and cultural spirit
d. eternal truths dictating the future of the world
Ans: A, B
Answer Location: Levels and Areas of Concern
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
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4. Which level did George Simmel advocate for a “pure sociology”?
a. Micro
b. Intermediate
c. Meso
d. Metaphysical
Ans: A
Answer Location: Levels and Areas of Concern
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. According to George Simmel, which of the following is a dialect inherent to fashion? Select
all, but only those that apply.
a. Fashion allows people to be individualistic yet still conform to norms.
b. Fashion is based in the past yet always has an eye toward the future.
c. Success of a fashion trend inevitably leads to its failure.
d. Trends are considered attractive because they are distinct, which in turn makes them
indistinct and therefore unattractive
Ans: A, B, C, D
Answer Location: Levels and Areas of Concern
Difficulty Level: Difficult
7. According to George Simmel, which of the following is a dialect inherent to fashion? Select
all, but only those that apply.
a. Fashion allows people to conform yet express their individuality.
b. Future trends are dictated by fashion’s past.
c. Trends fail primarily because of their success.
d. Fashion leaders emerge because they are good following others’ trends
Ans: A, B, C, D
Answer Location: Levels and Areas of Concern
Difficulty Level: Difficult
8. What assumptions does Simmel make about people’s psychology during their interactions
with others? Select all, but only those that apply.
a. People can orient themselves relative to each other.
b. People are loosely aware of social structures.
c. People understand norms are both external and internal to individuals.
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d. People can anticipate causal outcomes and act accordingly.
Ans: A, B, C, D
Answer Location: Individual Consciousness and Individuality
Difficulty Level: Difficult
10. According to Simmel’s social geometry, which of the following is the most valuable?
a. Things that are close and easy to obtain.
b. Things that are close but difficult to obtain.
c. Things that are remote but easy to obtain.
d. Things that are remote and difficult to obtain.
Ans: D
Answer Location: Distance
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Which of the following did Simmel define via the relationships with others who provide aid?
a. The stranger
b. The poor
c. The miser
d. The adventurer
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Poor
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Which of the following is one of Simmel’s worlds? Select all, but only those that apply.
a. science
b. religion
c. art
d. economy
Ans: A, B, C, D
Answer Location: Medium
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Which of the following worlds is especially hostile to life as defined by Simmel?
a. Science
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Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
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b. Religion
c. Art
d. Economy
Ans: D
Answer Location: Social Structure and Worlds
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. According to George Simmel, which of the following ways does objective culture grow with
modernization? Select all, but only those that apply.
a. It is absolute size enlarges.
b. The number of cultural components grows.
c. The ties between the components of culture grow.
d. Individual culture expands.
Ans: A, B, C
Answer Location: Objective Culture
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. According to George Simmel, which of the following is directly linked to money? Select all,
but only those that apply.
a. value
b. reification
c. rationalization
d. social geometry
Ans: A, B, C
Answer Location: The Philosophy of Money
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. ______ occurs whenever there is no longer a differentiation between what can, and cannot
be bought and sold with money.
a. blasé attitudes
b. reification
c. rationalization
d. cynicism
Ans: D
Answer Location: Negative Effects
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. ______ develop(s) when people are no longer able to attach subjective, qualitative values
to things that are bought and sold with quantities of money.
a. blasé attitudes
b. reification
c. rationalization
d. cynicism
Ans: A
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Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
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Answer Location: Objective Culture
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Which of the following is an example of Simmel’s secrecy in a dyadic interaction? Select all,
but only those that apply.
a. One person has the intention of hiding something.
b. One person has the intention of revealing something.
c. Both people have the intention of hiding something.
d. Both people have the intention of revealing something.
Ans: A, B
Answer Location: Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. According to Simmel, in what type of relationships do we reveal intimate knowledge about
a selective segment of our lives, usually because of a shared interest with another?
a. strangers
b. acquaintances
c. friends
d. marriages
Ans: C
Answer Location: Secrecy and Social Relationships
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. According to Simmel, in what type of relationships do we strive to reveal all intimate
knowledge about ourselves to another?
a. strangers
b. acquaintances
c. friends
d. marriages
Ans: D
Answer Location: Secrecy and Social Relationships
Difficulty Level: Easy
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Instructor Resource
Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
SAGE Publishing 2018
22. Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where we must trust individuals even
without fully knowing intimate information about them.
a. confidence
b. acquaintanceship
c. discretion
d. betrayal
Ans: A
Answer Location: Secrecy and Social Relationships
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where we come to know more about
people than they intentionally reveal.
a. confidence
b. acquaintanceship
c. discretion
d. betrayal
Ans: C
Answer Location: Secrecy and Social Relationships
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Simmel thought ______ delineates relationships where information is revealed that should
be kept secret.
a. confidence
b. acquaintanceship
c. discretion
d. betrayal
Ans: D
Answer Location: Other Thoughts on Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. Why did Simmel think money makes it possible to maintain more secrecy in today’s world
than in previous times? Select all, but only those that apply.
a. Individuals can discretely acquire immense wealth.
b. Monetary trades are easier to conceal than the trading of objects.
c. Money can be invested in distant, remote things.
d. Debts can go unpaid and no one will notice.
Ans: A, B, C
Answer Location: Other Thoughts on Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Difficult
True/False
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Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
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1. George Simmel was primarily a philosopher, not a sociologist.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Primary Concerns
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Even though George Simmel was European, his influence as a scholar was primarily in the
United States.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Primary Concerns
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. George Simmel thought both individual and social life were a state of becoming rather than
being.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Life
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. George Simmel was an interactionist who thought people are best understood through their
relationships with others.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Individual Consciousness and Individuality
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Like Emile Durkheim, George Simmel gave the social precedence over the individual.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Individual Consciousness and Individuality
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Like Durkheim, George Simmel proposed a sociology that studied social facts.
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Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
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Ans: F
Answer Location: Social Interaction (“Association”)
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. George Simmel was more concerned with the form interactions took than their content.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Interaction: Forms and Types
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. George Simmel’s stranger was too far removed from a social group to have objective
interactions with other members.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Interaction: Forms and Types
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. George Simmel’s stranger was too far removed from a social group to have some members
confide in this remote individual.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Interaction: Forms and Types
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Like Karl Marx, George Simmel thought superordinate dominated subordinates almost
completely.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Superordination and Subordination
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Like Emile Durkheim, George Simmel adopted a realist position that largely looked at
society as an entity outside, or over the top of individual people.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Social Structures and Worlds
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Even though they are human created forms, according to George Simmel worlds can turn
against (?) people and life itself.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Social Structures and Worlds
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Like Max Weber, George Simmel was concerned with the negative effects of rationalization.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Negative Effects
Difficulty Level: Medium
©SAGE Publishing
Instructor Resource
Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
SAGE Publishing 2018
17. According to George Simmel, we can come to know other people completely.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. According to Simmel, modern society is much more dependent on trust and honesty than
the forms preceding societies took.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Other Thoughts on Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Simmel argued that in the modern world public and political matters involve less secrecy
than in previous times.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Other Thoughts on Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Simmel argued that in the modern world private matters are less secretive than in
premodern times.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Other Thoughts on Secrecy
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Has the influence of money (along with its negative effects) on people and society increased
or decreased since Simmel wrote down his ideas in the early 20th century?
Ans:
With modern technology, money has largely eroded our distance from objects and
therefore their value for most people
There is little doubt that entities like “wall street” or “the economy” have been
empowered over the people who should control them; however perhaps in our daily life
of swapping credit cards we are less likely than in times past to relegate qualitative
things to a quantitative value
• Probably more so than in times past we are consumed with making money and
everything now has a quantitative value
• Today’s culture is even more fragmented than during Simmel’s time, and more
of it is for sale
Answer Location: The Philosophy of Money
Difficulty Level: Difficult
©SAGE Publishing
Instructor Resource
Ritzer, Sociological Theory 10th edition
SAGE Publishing 2018
2. Identify and accurately describe someone in your own life who reflects the Stranger, or is
distant yet still belongs to a group you are a part of?
Ans:
Strangers are close enough to have contact with a group, but still distant enough that
relationships are objective and patterned; for example, when strangers are trusted with
confidences because they are close enough to understand, but remote enough not to be
a threat
Answer Location: Distance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
3. Think about something you would like to obtain personally, but will have difficulty doing so;
explain why it has value precisely because it is both more distant and more difficult to acquire
than something more readily available.
Ans:
Articles like a classic car or a college degree that cannot be bought simply and easily are
generally the most coveted
Answer Location: Money and Value
Difficulty Level: Difficult
4. Think of a recent interaction you were part of and then explain how the form that interaction
took was more important than the content of the interaction itself.
Ans:
What we talk about with others is largely coincidental as status or goals often dictate
how we interact with others and thus the meaning exchange is secondary
Answer Location: Interaction: Forms and Types
Difficulty Level: Difficult
5. Which of George Simmel’s worlds (science, religion, and art) is the most important context in
which our contemporary interactions take place?
Ans:
Religion is declining in the United States, although it is incredibly important to those
who belong to churches
Art has largely been turned over to the culture industry
Science, especially communication technology (see Contemporary Applications) is
increasingly providing the context (and means) through which we interact with others
Answer Location: Social Structures and Worlds
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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but when relieved or cured of this, suddenly a new manifestation
occurs. A new figure appears upon the scene, or perhaps I might
better say a new actor treads the boards. Even in these cases,
however, it would be difficult to say that the phenomena are really
simulated. They are rather induced, and get partly beyond the
patient's will.
The next campaign was precipitated by a fall. She claimed that she
had dislocated her elbow-joint; she was treated for dislocation by a
physician, and discharged with an arm stiff at the elbow. A wooden
magnet was applied to the arm, the spasm relaxed, and the
dislocation disappeared.
This ends Harlan's report of the case, and I had thought that this
patient's Iliad of woes was also ended; but I have just been informed
by J. Solis Cohen and his brother that she has again come under
their care. The latter was sent for, and found the patient seemingly
choking to death. The right chest was fixed; there was marked
dyspnœa; respiration 76 per minute; her expectoration was profuse;
she had hyperresonance of the apex, and loud mucous râles were
heard. At last accounts she was again recovering.
Among the important conclusions of this paper are the following: “1.
In typical hysteria the emotional symptoms are the most prominent,
and according to many authors the most characteristic. In all the
cases of cerebral disease related there were undue emotional
manifestations or emotional movements not duly controlled. 2. In
typical hysteria many of the objective phenomena are almost always
shown on the left side of the body, and we may consequently feel
sure that in these cases the right hemisphere is disordered. In nearly
all of the above sixteen cases the right hemisphere was the seat of
organic disease, and the symptoms were on the left side of the
body.”
What is the lesson to be learned from this case? It is, in the first
place, not to consider a patient doomed until you have made a
careful examination. There can be much incurvation of the spine
without sufficient compression to cause complete paralysis. In this
patient organic disease was associated with an hysterical or
neuromimetic condition. This woman had disease of the vertebræ,
the active symptoms of which had subsided. The vertebral column
had assumed a certain shape, and the cord had adjusted itself to this
new position, yet for a long time she was considered incurable from
the fact that the conjunction of a real and a mimetic disorder was
overlooked.