Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Philip Zimbardo’s study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners
and prison guards
A. indicated that it is impossible to replicate a “real life” situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that
occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. all of these
Answer: B
Type: I
2. Which psychologist is widely known for his mock-prison experiment involving college students
in order to study social structure and social interaction?
A. Michel Foucault
B. Philip Zimbardo
C. C. Wright Mills
D. Arlie Hochschild
Answer: B
Type: I
3. Social interaction is
A. the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective
participation in social groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still
more people.
Answer: C
Type: D
5. Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable
relationships?
A. socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture
Answer: B
Type: D
7. Which of the following believed that the “distinctive characteristic of social interaction among
people is that human beings interpret or ‘define’ each other’s actions instead of merely reacting to
each other’s actions?”
A. Philip Zimbardo
B. William I. Thomas
C. Herbert Blumer
D. Ferdinand Tönnies
Answer: C
Type: S
9. One of the most crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is
the ability of the dominant group to
A. define a society’s values.
B. define social reality.
C. mold the “definition of the situation.”
D. all of these
Answer: D
Type: I
10. The analysis of how the “definition of the situation” can mold the thinking and personality of the
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individual is associated with the
A. functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. feminist perspective.
Answer: C
Type: P
11. William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or
situation but also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. This view represents
which sociological perspective?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: C
Type: P
12. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions
within a large group or society?
A. status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft
Answer: A
Type: D
13. Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as
a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples
of
A. statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.
Answer: A
Type: C
14. Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is
studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status?
A. social worker
B. male
C. African American
D. college student
Answer: D
Type: C
20. Which sociological perspective(s) is (are) especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they
often confer privileges or reflect a person’s membership in a subordinate group?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective
Answer: B
Type: P
25. When Malcolm X’s eighth grade teacher dismissed Malcolm’s desire career goal of lawyer and
instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher viewed Malcolm’s race as a (an)
A. achieved status.
B. master status.
C. ascribed status.
D. assigned status.
Answer: B
Type: C
26. Rick is a professional sports reporter. He has worked at a local TV station for 12 years. Every
year he hosts a telethon for the local trauma center. This center that saved his life after a car accident
which left him unable to move his legs. According to your text, what is Rick’s master status?
A. gender
B. occupation
C. disability
D. all of these
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Answer: C
Type: C
27. You walk into your women’s studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is
the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a
tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this
class?
A. his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis
Answer: C
Type: C
28. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given
social position or status?
A. social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role
Answer: A
Type: D
30. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society’s stability by
enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions
accordingly?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: A
Type: P
31. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds
two or more social positions?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit
Answer: B
Type: D
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
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32. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college
professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy
session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding
therapy sessions with a student might create
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.
Answer: B
Type: C
33. A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in
horticulture. The night before her first major course examination, she is asked by her boss to work
several additional hours because they have just received a major order that needs to be processed
immediately. This student is experiencing
A. role reversal.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status incompatibility.
Answer: B
Type: C
34. The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and
expectations is known as
A. role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.
Answer: B
Type: C
39. Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles
and statuses?
A. secondary groups
B. primary groups
C. aggregates
D. formal organizations
Answer: B
Type: I
42. Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy
or mutual understanding?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group
Answer: B
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
uted, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Type: D
44. The distinction between “in-groups” and “out-groups” was first made by
A. Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.
Answer: C
Type: S
45. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a (an)
A. dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.
Answer: C
Type: D
46. A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a (an)
A. social network.
B. primary group.
C. reference group.
D. out-group.
Answer: D
Type: D
47. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that “we” and “they” feelings
promote in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: A
Type: P
48. Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. So-
ciologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of “in-group virtues” into
A. “in-group vices.”
B. “out-group virtues.”
C. “out-group vices.”
D. goal displacement.
Answer: C
Type: I
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49. The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be
stressed by which sociological perspective?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. global perspective
Answer: B
Type: P
50. A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community col-
lege. She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her. On the first day of class, she
observes the clothing styles of her classmates, and after school she goes shopping and purchases
similar clothes. Her classmates could be considered
A. a reference group.
B. an in-group.
C. a focus group.
D. both a reference group and an in-group.
Answer: D
Type: C
51. Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and en-
forcing standards of conduct and belief?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: A
Type: P
52. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard
for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group
Answer: D
Type: D
53. A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great
admiration. These detectives could be considered
A. an out-group.
B. a focus group.
C. a triad.
D. a reference group.
Answer: D
Type: C
55. Bearman, Moody, and Stovel’s study of romantic relationships and social networks of high
school students showed
A. most of the girls had not been sexually active during the past 18 months.
B. most students were involved in a free-flowing network of relationships.
C. most students were involved in steady couples with no other partners.
D. a classic example of theoretical, non-applied sociology in action.
Answer: B
Type: I
57. Which of the following is true regarding jobs, social networks, and gender?
A. networking pays off more for white men
B. men are more likely to rely on classified advertisements
C. networking pays off more for women
D. more female executives use networking than males
Answer: A
Type: I
58. Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an example of
research on
A. ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.
Answer: C
Type: C
59. A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their
careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their
sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
A. role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.
Answer: D
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
uted, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Type: C
61. Which of the following influences whether or not someone will be obese?
A. genetics
B. diet and exercise
C. social networks
D. all of these
Answer: D
Type: I
64. Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior
centered on basic social needs?
A. social networks
B. social institutions
C. functional prerequisites
D. communities
Answer: B
Type: D
66. Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must
accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: A
Type: P
68. Which of the following functional prerequisites was not fulfilled by the religious sect known as
the Shakers?
A. replacing personnel
B. teaching new recruits
C. producing and distributing goods and services
D. preserving order
Answer: A
Type: I
69. The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 20, 2009 to witness the Inauguration of
President Barack Obama is a testament to the importance of
A. teaching new recruits.
B. preserving order.
C. replacing personnel.
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.
Answer: D
Type: I
71. Which sociologist studied the social behavior of word processors as a method of researching
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
uted, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
social networks and the effect social institutions play on them?
A. Mitchell Duneier
B. Max Weber
C. Philip Zimbardo
D. Herbert Blumer
Answer: A
Type: D
72. Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom as a method of
researching the effects of social institutions on them?
A. street corner preachers
B. female word processors
C. warehouse workers
D. tollbooth operators
Answer: B
Type: I
73. Mitchell Duneier’s work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
Answer: C
Type: P
74. Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are
known as
A. informal organizations.
B. formal organizations.
C. coalitions.
D. primary groups.
Answer: B
Type: D
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
uted, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
77. Which one of the following ascribed statuses influences people’s self-images within formal or-
ganizations?
A. gender
B. college education
C. job skills
D. all of the above
Answer: A
Type: I
78. Which of the following statements about the relationship between gender and self-image in a for-
mal organization is correct?
A. In law firms in which less than 15 percent of partners were women, the female lawyers
were likely to believe that traits viewed as “feminine” were strongly devalued.
B. In law firms in which less than 15 percent of partners were women, the female lawyers
were likely to believe that masculinity was equated with success.
C. In law firms in which more than 15 percent of partners were women, the female lawyers
had a stronger desire for and higher expectation of promotion.
D. all of these
Answer: D
Type: I
80. Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise
dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A. Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin
Answer: A
Type: S
81. A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated
is called a (an)
A. coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.
Answer: B
Type: D
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for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distrib-
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
the 26th April, at noon, accompanied by his aide-de-camp,
Captain del Pilar, and Mr. Leyba, his private secretary. …
{594}
"I have the honor to report that I sent you on the 27th
instant, and confirmed in my dispatch Number 211 of that date,
a telegram which deciphered read as follows. … 'General
Aguinaldo gone my instance Hongkong arrange with Dewey
co-operation insurgents Manila.
PRATT.'
{595}
The truth was that Cervera was then just entering the
Caribbean Sea, considerably to the south of Sampson's search.
He touched at the French island of Martinique, and at the
Dutch island of Curaçoa, and then slipped across to Santiago
de Cuba, where he was to be overtaken by his fate. In the long
hill-sheltered bay, with a narrow entrance, which forms this
excellent Cuban harbor, the Spanish fleet was so hidden that
nearly a fortnight passed before its whereabouts could be
fully ascertained. It was not until May 20 that a blockade of
Santiago was established by a flying squadron of the American
fleet, under Commodore Schley, with certainty that the
squadron of Cervera was harbored there. On the 1st of June,
Admiral Sampson arrived on the scene, with a stronger naval
force, and took command. To attempt to force the narrow
entrance of the harbor, strongly fortified and thickly mined
as it was, and attack the Spanish fleet in the bay, was not
deemed practicable. The course resolved upon was to hold the
enemy fast in the shelter he had sought, until Santiago could
be taken, by a land attack. In pursuance of this plan, an
exploit of splendid daring was performed, in the early morning
of June 3, by a young officer, Lieutenant Richmond Pearson
Hobson, with a crew of seven volunteers, who placed and sank a
huge coaling ship, the "Merrimac," in the channel that leads
into Santiago Bay. The following is Admiral Sampson's report
of the undertaking and its achievement:
"The firing had ceased. It was evident the enemy had not seen
us in the general mass of moving objects; but soon the tide
began to drift these away, and we were being left alone with
the catamaran. The men were directed to cling close in, bodies
below and only heads out, close under the edges, and were
directed not to speak above a whisper, for the destroyer was
near at hand, and boats were passing near. We mustered; all
were present, and direction was given to remain as we were
till further orders, for I was sure that in due time after
daylight a responsible officer would come out to reconnoiter.
It was evident that we could not swim against the tide to
reach the entrance. Moreover, the shores were lined with
troops, and the small boats were looking for victims that
might escape from the vessel. The only chance lay in remaining
undiscovered until the coming of the reconnoitering boat, to
which, perhaps, we might surrender without being fired on. …
The air was chilly and the water positively cold. In less than
five minutes our teeth were chattering; so loud, indeed, did
they chatter that it seemed the destroyer or the boats would
hear. … We remained there probably an hour."
{597}
{598}
While Admiral Dewey was holding Manila Bay, before the taking
of the city, there were many rumors and exciting stories
afloat, of offensive behavior towards the American fleet by
commanders of German war ships that were sent to the scene. As
far as possible, the facts were officially suppressed, in
order to avoid a quarrel between the two countries, and no
authoritative account of what occurred can be found. But some
incidents obtained publicity which are probably true in the
main. The first unpleasant happening appears to have been the
arrival in Manila Bay of a German naval vessel, which steamed
in with entire disregard of the blockading fleet, as though
the port was its own. Thereupon Admiral Dewey sent a forcible
reminder to the captain that he was intruding upon a blockade,
by firing a shot across his bow, and ordering him to heave to.
The German captain, in a rage, is said to have called on the
commanding officer of a British squadron that was in the Bay,
for advice as to what he should do, and was told that he owed
the American Admiral an apology for his violation of naval
etiquette, well settled for such circumstances as those
existing in Manila Bay. According to the story, the British
commander, Captain Sir Edward Chichester, himself on the best
of terms with Admiral Dewey, visited the latter, on behalf of
the German officer, and made the matter smooth.
{599}
But, either through indiscretion of his own, or because he had
instructions to interfere as much as possible with the
proceedings of the Americans, the German commander continued
to pursue an offensive course. According to report, be went so
far as to stop a movement which Aguinaldo (then a recognized
ally of the United States) was making, to take possession of a
certain island, and to capture some Spaniards who were on it.
This provoked Admiral Dewey to a demonstration against him so
threatening that he drew back in haste, and the island was
occupied.
4. On transportation.