High-resolution sequence stratigraphy,

sedimentology and reservoir quality evaluation of

the Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area of the
Western Slope, Songliao Basin, China
He Bi, Jianzhong Li, Zijun Tang, Peng Li, Lan Wang, Xiaoyu Shang
(2017)

Muhammad Virgiawan Agustin

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

DATA AND METHODS

SEDIMENTARY FACIES

SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES AND SYSTEM TRACT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

RESERVOIR QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
DATA AND METHODS
A detailed study was conducted based on:
• Core Regional sequence stratigraphy
• Well logs (third and fourth order sequence
and system tract
• Seismic Sedimentary facies and pattern (sedimentology),
• Petrography analysis and reservoir quality analysis

• XRD, SEM and HPMI

• Petrophysical analysis
SEDIMENTARY FACIES
Sedimentary Facies Association
• The Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area is
mostly composed of delta-front
sandstones and shallow-lake mudstones.
• Based on lithology, sedimentary structure,
well logs, and stratigraphic stacking
patterns, five main sedimentary facies
associations are identified in the Yaojia
Formation in the study area:
• Subaqueous distributary channel
• Interdistributary bays
• Mouth bars
• Distal bars
• Shallow lake
• The Yao I member includes delta-front and shallow-lake deposits
and mainly comprises subaqueous distributary-channel, mouth-bar
and distal-bar sand bodies and greenish gray and light gray
mudstones.
• The Yao II–III members include delta-front deposits and mainly
comprise subaqueous distributary-channel sandstones and
interdistributary-bay mudstones.
SEDIMENTARY FACIES
Sedimentary Facies Association
Core photographs of sedimentary features
of the Yaojia Formation in the Longxi area.
(A) Facies association A: Well T66
(1228.55 m) with rip-up mud clasts;
(B) Facies association A: Well T222
(1379.5 m) with low-angle cross-
beddings;
(C) Facies association A: Well L5 (1801.59
m) with erosion surface;
(D) Facies association B: Well D43
(1095.49 m) with lenticular bedding;
(E) Facies association B: Well T222
(1370.72 m) with vertical burrows;
(F) Facies association C: Well T66
(1216.07–1216.66 m) with two-period
coarsening-upward rhythms from
siltstone with oil spot to silty fine-
grained sandstone with oil immersion;
(G) Facies association D: Well T66
(1252.88 m) with ripple cross-
lamination;
(H) Facies association E: Well T50 (1157.14
m) with plant debris;
(I) (I) Facies association E: Well D40
(1362.37 m) with a horizontal burrow.
SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES AND SYSTEM TRACT
Third order sequence boundaries and system tract
• The third-order sequence stratigraphic boundaries are generally identified through the
stratal terminations interpreted in the seismic reflection profiles, marking abrupt changes in
dominant lithology and facies (Beilinson et al., 2013).
• Two types of terminations occur above a surface (onlap and downlap), whereas two
terminations occur below a surface (truncation and toplap). These are the main stratal
terminations (Mitchum et al., 1977; Catuneanu et al, 2009a).
• Systems tract boundaries are identified using sedimentological methods. Based on
lithology, well-log analysis, stratal stacking patterns, and seismic interpretations, the
maximum flooding surface (MFS) is identified.
 SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES AND SYSTEM TRACT
Fourth order sequence boundaries and system tract
• Fourth-order sequences are recognized based on the similar lithology and lithofacies
superposition patterns (Duo and Wang, 2016).
• Therefore, the Yaojia Formation is divided into nine fourth-order sequences. Five fourth-
order sequences develop in the third-order TST, and four fourth-order sequences develop
in the third-order RST.
• The TST encompasses the Yao I member, whereas the RST includes the Yao II–III members.
• The average duration of the fourth-order sequence is approximately 0.5 Myr (Zhai, 1993).

(A) Well L55, 1774.9 m, and T11. Under the boundary, gray
mudstone was deposited along a fault fracture zone
filled by gray argillaceous breccia and silty fine-grained
sandstone. Over the boundary, there is silty fine-
grained sandstone. Asphalt is distributed in
agglomerate shapes. The boundary is uneven and is
speculated to be an evidence for the subaerial
exposure.
(B) Well T66, 1205.08 m, and T1. Below the surface, there
is coquinoid fine-grained sandstone. Fine-grained
sandstone passes downward into gray silty mudstone.
Silt distributes in a banding arrangement. Calcareous
masses are observed. Above the boundary, fine
sandstone abruptly changes to dark gray mudstone
with horizontal bedding. Small ostracoda fragments
occur along the bedding.
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
Third and fourth order sequence
Fourth-order sequences are recognized based on the similar
lithology and lithofacies superposition patterns (Duo and
Wang, 2016).
SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES AND SYSTEM TRACT
Facies Association Distribution
A and B. During the FS9–FS8 sedimentation periods, a
southeastern sediment source initially developed. In
this period, the delta-front sand bodies developed only
in the southeastern region of the Longxi area and
thinned to pinch out gradually from the southeastern
to northwestern regions.
C. During the FS7 sedimentary period, a western
sediment source began to develop and the
southeastern sedimentary system gradually expanded
into the Longxi area.
D. During the FS6 sedimentary period, the sediment
source gradually migrated from southeast to northeast
and the sand bodies developed from south to north
E. By the FS5 period, the sediment source had
completely migrated to the north. The delta-front sand
bodies were ultimately distributed in the northwestern
and northeastern regions of the Longxi area.
F. During the deposition of the Yao II–III members, the
rate of accommodation creation with respect to the
sediment supply rate decreased. The facies belt of the
delta front was wide, and the delta-front sand bodies
had expanded in the entire area.
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Petrography
• Grain
• Cement
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Porosity and Permeability
RESERVOIR QUALITY
SEM
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Porosity and Permeability of Delta-front Facies
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Control of Lithology on Reservoir Quality
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Control of Lithology on Reservoir Quality
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Control of Sedimentary facies on Reservoir Quality
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Control of high frequency on Reservoir Quality
RESERVOIR QUALITY
Implication for petroleum exploration
TERIMA KASIH