Chapter 2 Mechanics of Materials


   F 
F A F F  F Tensile stress (+)
F
 
F F Compressive stress (-)

Normal stress =  
Force
A
N / m 2
  pascal (Pa )

F dF
At a point:   lim 
A  0  A dA

Example: Estimate the normal stress on a shin bone ( 脛

骨)

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Shear stress ( 切應力 ) =  = F tangential to the area /
A

A 
F


F

dF
At a point, 
dA

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Normal strain ( 正應變 )  = fractional change of length=x / l
 
F F
l x

Shear strain (?) = deformation under shear stress = x / l

x F


l
F
fixed

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Stress-strain curve
Work
 hardening
Yield pt. break
Elastic
deformation

o 

Hooke's law: In elastic region,   , or /  = E

E is a constant, named as Young’s modulus or modulus of
elasticity

Similarly, in elastic region, / = G, where G is a constant,

named as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity.
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 dx
Exercise set 2 (Problem 3) 15mm 2kN
5mm W
o
Find the total 0.6m 1.2m
extension of the bar. X

Width of a cross-sectional element at x: W  x (5 103 m)  x (m)

0.6m 120
2 103 N 2.88 107
Stress in this element :   2 2
 2
Pa
( x / 120) m x
 2.88 107 / x 2 1.92 104
Strain of this element:    
E 150 10 9
x2
4
The extension of this element : de   dx  1. 92  10 dx
2
x
4
1.8 1.92  10
The total extension of the whole bar is : e   de  0.6 x 2
dx
= 2.13 x 10-4 m

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 p
Bulk modulus  K 
 (V / V )
dp
 V
dV

p
V  V

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Poisson's ratio :
For a homogeneous isotropic material
d d  d

F F

 x
x

normal strain : 


lateral strain : d
L 

Poisson's ratio : d

value of  : 0.2 - 0.5  L /

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Double index notation for stress and strain
1st index: surface, 2nd index: force
For normal stress components : x  xx, y  yy , z  zz,
x  xx
z z

zy
zx yz
xz y
xy yx
y
x
x

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Joint effect of three normal stress components

 xx  yy  zz z
 xx    z
E E E
 yy  xx  zz
 yy    y
E E E
 zz  xx  yy x y
 zz    x
E E E

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Symmetry of shear stress components
Take moment about the z axis, total torque = 0,
(xy yz) x = (yx x z) y, hence, xy = yx .

Similarly, yz = zy and xz = zx

y
yx

y xy
x
z x z

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 dy dx
Original shear strain is “simple” strain = x , y ,... etc.
y
There is no real deformation during pure rotation,
but “simple” strain  0. 2

 x
Define pure rotation angle rot and 1 rot dy
pure shear strain, such that the angular x
displacements of the two surfaces are:
def
1= rot+ def and 2= rot- def . Hence,
rot = (1+ 2)/2 and def = (1- 2)/2 def

y
Example: 1 = 0 and 2 = - ,
so def = (0+)/2 = /2 and rot= (0-)/2 = -/2 2 = -

Pure shear strain is /2 x

x
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 E
Example: Show that K 
3(1  2 )
Proof: For hydrostatic pressure l
l
V ( ll ) 3  l 3 l
  3l /l  3 
V l3

xx = yy = zz = , hence

3 = xx+yy+zz = (1-2v)(xx+yy+zz)/E
xx =yy =zz = -p (compressive stress)
V (1  2)
3 ( p )
V E
p E
 K 
V / V 3(1  2)

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 Example : Show that nn = /2
Point C moves further along x- and y-direction by distances
of AD(/2) and AD(/2) respectively.
nn = [(AD  /2)2 + (AD  /2)2]1/2 / [(AD)2 + (AD)2]1/2 = /2
True shear strain: yx = /2
Therefore, the normal component of strain is equal to the
shear component of strain: y
C’
nn = yx and nn = /2 C

2
D’
A  /2 x
D
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Example : Show that nn = nn/(2G)

Consider equilibrium along n-direction:

 yx (lW) sin 45o x2 = 2 (l cos 45o) W nn
yx
l xy
2
lc l
n os
45
o

Therefore yx = nn

From definition :  = xy /G = nn /G = 2 nn

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 E  2G
Example : Show 1  v

xx = xx/E -  yy/E- v zz/E

Set xx =  nn = - yy,  zz = 0, xx = nn
nn = (1+)  nn /E =  nn /2G (previous example)

E - nn  nn
 2G
1v
- nn
 nn

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Ex. 12 kN forces are applied to the top z
& bottom of a cube (20 mm edges), E y
= 60 GPa,  = 0.3. Find (i) the force 12kN
exerted by the walls, (ii) yy

x
(i) xx = 0, yy = 0 and
zz= -12103 N/(2010-3 m)2 = 3107 Pa
xx = (xx- v yy- v zz) /E
0 = [xx- 0 – 0.3(- 3107)]/60109
 xx = -9106 Pa (compressive)
Force = Axx = (2010-3 m)2(-9106 Pa) = -3.6 103 N
(ii) yy = (yy- v zz- v xx) /E
= [0 – 0.3(- 3107) – 0.3(- 9106)]/60109 = 1.9510-4

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 Elastic Strain Energy
 The energy stored in a small volume:
x
dU  Fdx  AE ( )dx

  The energy stored :
AE
e
U  ( x)dx e=extension
0 

F F  1 AEe 2  1 E ( e ) 2 ( A)
 dx 2  2 
1 2
x  E  V
2
  Energy density in the material :
U 1 2 1 2
u   E 
V 2 2 E
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Similarly for shear strain :
 
U  F  dx   Fdx
F/A  1 1  2
G  u  G  2 
x/  2 2G

dx
F

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