Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Camelia Achim
UMF Carol Davila
Institutul Clinic Fundeni
IRA - Definitie
KDIGO 2013
2.1.2: AKI is staged for severity according to the following criteria
(Table 2). (Not Graded)
Staging of AKI
≥ 12 hours
3 3.0 times baseline < 0.3 ml/kg/h for
OR ≥ 24 hours
Increase in serum creatinine to OR
≥ 4.0 mg/dl (≥ 353.6 mmol/l) Anuria for ≥ 12 hours
OR
Initiation of renal replacement therapy
OR, In patients <18 years, decrease in
KDIGO 2013
eGFR to < 35 ml/min per 1.73 m2
INSUFICIENTA RENALA ACUTA
Actualitati patogenice
IRA – Clasificare
Substrat etiopatogenic
Substrat etiopatogenic
• Hipovolemie
• Scaderea debitului cardiac
• Cresterea rezistentelor vasculare renale
IRA – Clasificare
Substrat etiopatogenic
• Hipovolemie
Substrat etiopatogenic
IMA
Embolie pulmonara
Pericardita cu tamponada
Tahicardii
IC severa
Chirurgie cardiaca
IRA – Clasificare
Substrat etiopatogenic
SHR
Substrat etiopatogenic
Substrat etiopatogenic
IRA ischemica
Reducerea
Reducerea Reducerea fluxului eliberarii de
coeficientului plasmatic glomerular O2 la nivelul
de filtrare si a presiunii medularei
glomerulare intraglomerulare
Reducerea RFG
Brady et al. ARF in Brenner and Rector; The kidney; US: Saunders Co, 2000: 1201-1262
IRA – Consecinte clinice ale pierderii autoreglarii
FPR si RFG in NAT
iNOS
Ischemie renala
Efecte vasculare
Cresterea sensibilitatii la Injurie endoteliala: Cresterea mediatorilor
stimuli vasoconstrictori inflamatiei
- Scaderea eliberarii NO
Cresterea sensibilitatii la din eNOS Cresterea expresiei ICAM-
stimularea inervatiei 1 endotelial
renale - Cresterea endotelinei
Cresterea adeziunii
Afectarea autoreglarii neutrofilelor
Cresterea eliberarii
radicalilor de oxigen
Reducerea RFG
Kribben et al. J Nephrol 1999; 12 Suppl (2): S142-S151
IRA – Factori tubulari
Ischemie renala
Efecte tubulare
Cresterea Ca intracelular Cresterea NO derivat din
NOS
Cresterea cistein-proteazei
Detasarea cel. tubulare
Scaderea Na/K-ATP-azei
viabile
bazolaterale
Aderare integrin – mediata
Cresterea eliberarii distale
aberanta
a NaCl in macula densa Necroza/Apoptoza
Cresterea obstructiei
Cresterea feedback-ului
tubulare
tubuloglomerular
Reducerea RFG
Kribben et al. J Nephrol 1999; 12 Suppl (2): S142-S151
IRA – Patofiziologia IRA ischemice
• 2 forme clinice
• Forma oligurica
• Forma non – oligurica
• Faza preanurica
• Durata 24 – 36h
• Debut
• Brutal (soc traumatic, infectios, obstetrical, intoxicatii, accidente
postransfuzionale) – 24h
• Insidios (toxice, medicamente, postchirurgical) – 5 – 7zile
• Clinica: a bolii initiale, oligurie 400 – 600ml/24h
• Biologic
• Probe urinare: volum urinar < 800ml, densitate variabila,
proteinurie tubulara, hematurie, mioglobinurie, hemoglobinurie
• Probe sangvine: uree 50 – 80mg/dl, creatinina 1,2 – 1,4mg/dl
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Durata 24 – 36h 40zile (10 – 18zile, maxim 120zile)
• Simptomatologia clinica
• Manifestari cutanate: paloare, echimoze, necroze
• Manifestari respiratorii: plaman uremic, pleurezie, infectii
• Manifestari cardio – vasculare: HTA / colaps, tulburari de ritm, IC,
pericardita uremica
• Manifestari digestive: stomatita, gastrita, enterocolita uremica,
HDS
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Durata 24 – 36h 40zile (10 – 18zile, maxim 120zile)
• Simptomatologia clinica
• Afectare hepatica: citoliza, colestaza, insuficienta hepatica
• Pancreatita acuta
• Manifestari hematologice: anemie, leucocitoza, sd. Hemoragipar
• Manifestari neuro – psihice: encefalopatie, hemoragii, infectii
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Biologic
• Retentie azotata
• ureea 15–30mg/dl/24h
• creatinina 0,5-2mg/dl/24h
• Faza anurica
• Explorari imagistice
• Rx simpla
• Ecografia renala simpla / doppler
• UIV
• Pielografia ascendenta
• Arteriografia renala
• Tomografia computerizata
• Scintigrama renala
• Punctia biopsie renala
IRA – Clinica
• Biologic
• Explorari urinare: densitate 1003 – 1009, proteinurie = 0,5g/24h,
pierderi mari de Na, K, Ca, HCO3(> 200mEq/l)
• Sangvin: retentia azotata are o evolutie dinamica
IRA – Clinica
• Biologic
• Recuperare completa: uree, creatinina normale
• Recuperare incompleta: retentie azotata
IRA – Diagnostic pozitiv
• Azotemia extrarenala
• Acutizarea IRC
IRA – Complicatii
• Infectiile
• Revenire la normal
• Frecventa: 40-50%
• Revenire clinica completa
• Persista: scaderea capacitatii de concentrare, a
posibilitatii de acidifiere a urinii
• Sechele semnificative
• Frecventa: 10%
• Alterarea progresiva a functiei renale, HTA la 2-4%
• IRC in 1-5% (dializa cronica)
INSUFICIENTA RENALA ACUTA
Actualitati de tratament
IRA – Tratament
• Obiective
• Tratament etiologic
• Tratament patogenic
• Tratament simptomatic
• Tratamentul complicatiilor
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament etiologic
• Intoxicatii
• Antidot specific
• Epurare extrarenala: HD, HF, hemoperfuzie
• Infectii – sepsis
• Antibioticoterapie
• Hemofiltrare, hemodiafiltrare
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament etiologic
• Corectarea deshidratarilor
• Alimentatie po adecvata
• Perfuzii adecvate
• Managementul NAT - 1
• Managementul NAT - 2
• Tratament patogenic
• Ameliorarea functiilor renale
• Diuretice osmotice: Manitol 20% 200-400ml/zi
• Diuretice de ansa: Furosemid 20 fiole/zi
• Vasodilatatoare: Dopamina 3-5 g/kgc/min, 3-5 zile
(controversat, rezultate negative in studii
randomizate)
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament patogenic
• Epurarea extrarenala. Indicatii:
• Anurie 12h
• Creatinina > 8 – 10 mg/dl, uree > 200 mg/dl
• Tulburari neurologice centrale: coma, convulsii, somnolenta,
asterixis, fasciculatii neuro-musculare
• Tulburari digestive: greata, varsaturi, hemoragie
• Pericardita
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament patogenic
• Tratament patogenic
• Epurarea extrarenala
• Terapia substitutiva renala continua
• Hemofiltrare/hemodiafiltrare continua veno-venoasa
• Hemodializa zilnica (8-10h/zi)
• SLEDD (Sustained low efficiency daily dialysis)
• Hemodializa intermitenta (la o zi alterna sau 2-3 zile)
• Dializa peritoneala
IRA – Tratament
Tehnici diverse
UF
HFCVV
HDFCVV
HDCVV
TSRC
Diffusion Convection
Transport force
Transport force
Concentration gradient Transmembranar pressure
TSRC
Membrana semipermeabila
permeabilitate totala pentru: apa, electroliti, substanta cu
GM mica < 500D
permeabilitate buna pentru: substante cu GM 500-2000D
impermeabila pentru: substante cu GM > 50.000D si
celule
biocompatibila
TSRC
Sange Membrana
semipermeabila
Apa Apa
Substante cu GM mica Na Na
K K
Mg Mg
Ca Ca
Cl Cl
Fosfat
Sulfat
Bicarbonat
Acetat (bicarbonat)
Uree
Creatinina
Acid uric
Glucoza (Glucoza)
Aminoacizi
Vit. B₁, B₂, B, C
Acid folic, etc.
TSRC
Sange Membrana
semipermeabila
Bilirubina Exotoxine
Substante cu GM medie
Endotoxine
Vitamina B
Peptide etc.
Substante
macro- Albumina
moleculare
Hemoglobina
Mioglobina
Globuline, etc.
Celule
Ertrocite Microorganisme
Leucocite
Dializant
TSRC
Inlocuirea apei
SANGE
Uree
Apa
Creatinina
K
Fosfat
Membrana
semipermeabila
Procesul de hemofiltrare
TRSC
Masini diverse
Bellco
Kimal - Hygeea
Fresenius – ADM-ABM 08
Fresenius – Multifiltrate
Edwards – Aquarius
Gambro – Prisma Flex
EFICACITATEA SI COMPLICATIILE
PROCEDURILOR DE TERAPIE
SUBSTITUTIVA RENALA CONTINUA LA
PACIENTII CU INSUFICIENTA RENALA
ACUTA SI STARI COMORBIDE SEVERE
INTRODUCERE