Wien-Bridge Oscillator

Circuits
Why Look At the Wien-
Bridge?
 It generates an
oscillatory output
signal without
having any input
source
Basics About the Wien-
Bridge
 Uses two RC
networks
connected to the
positive terminal to
form a frequency
selective feedback
network
 Causes
Oscillations to
Occur
Basics About the Wien-
Bridge
 Amplifies the
signal with the two
negative feedback
resistors
Modification to Circuit
Analysis
 The loop gain
can be found by
doing a voltage
division Z 2( s )
V o( s ) V 1( s ) ⋅
Z 1( s ) + Z 2( s )
Analysis
 The two RC
Networks must
have equal
resistors and
capacitors1
Z1( s ) R+
s⋅C

1
R⋅
s⋅C
Z2( s )
1
R+
s⋅C
 Analysis
Need to find the Gain over the whole Circuit:
Vo/Vs amplifier gain
Operational

V1( s ) R2
G 1+
Vs ( s ) R1

Z 2( s )
V o( s ) V 1( s ) ⋅
Z 1( s ) + Z 2( s )
Solve G equation for V1 and substitute in for above equ

s⋅R⋅C
V o( s ) G ⋅ V s( s ) ⋅
2 2 2
s ⋅ R ⋅ C + 3⋅ s ⋅ R ⋅ C + 1
 Analysis
We now have an equation for the overall circuit
gain
V o( s ) s ⋅ R ⋅ C⋅ G
T( s )
V s( s ) 2 2 2
s ⋅ R ⋅ C + 3⋅ s ⋅ R ⋅ C + 1

Simplifying and substituting jw for s

j⋅ ω ⋅ R ⋅ C⋅ G
T( jω)
( 1 − ω2 ⋅ R2 ⋅ C2) + 3 ⋅ j ⋅ ω ⋅ R ⋅ C
Analysis
In order to have a phase shift of zero,
2 2 2
1−ω ⋅R ⋅C 0
This happens atω = RC
1/ When ω =1/RC, T(jω) simplifies to:

G
T( jω)
3
If G = 3, oscillations occur
If G < 3, oscillations attenuate
If G > 3, oscillation amplify
 4.0V

G=3
0V

-4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(R5:2)
Time

4.0V

0V
G = 2.9
-4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(R5:2)
Time

20V

0V

G=
3.05 -20V
0s 100us 200us 300us 400us 500us 600us
V(R5:2)
Time
 Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Op-
Amp
 Red is the ideal op-amp.
 Green is the 741 op-amp.
4.0V

0V

-4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(R1:2) V(R5:2)
Time
 Making the Oscillations
Steady
 Add a diode
network to
keep circuit
around G =
3
 If G = 3,
diodes are
off
 Making the Oscillations
Steady
 When output
voltage is
positive, D1
turns on and
R9 is switched
in parallel
causing G to
drop
 Making the Oscillations
Steady
 When output
voltage is
negative, D2
turns on and
R9 is switched
in parallel
causing G to
drop
 Results of Diode Network
 With the use of diodes, the
non-ideal op-amp can produce
steady oscillations.
4.0V

0V

-4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(D2:2)
Time
Frequency Analysis
 By changing the resistor and
capacitor values in the positive
feedback network, the output
frequency
R := 10kΩ can be changed.
C := 1nF

1 5 rad
ω := ω = 1 × 10
R⋅C sec
ω
f := f = 15.915kHz
2⋅ π
 Frequency Analysis
Fast Fourier Transform of
Simulation
4.0V
(15.000K,2.0539)

2.0V

0V
0Hz 10KHz 20KHz 30KHz 40KHz
V(D2:2)
Frequency
Frequency Analysis
 Due to limitations of the op-
amp, frequencies above 1MHz
are unachievable.
Conclusions
 No Input Signal yet Produces
Output Oscillations
 Can Output a Large Range of
Frequencies
 With Proper Configuration,
Oscillations can go on
indefinitely