Different

Types of
Citation
WHY DO
WE NEED
TO CITE?
• To show to the reader
you've done proper
research by listing sources
you used to get your
information
• by giving credit to
other researchers and
acknowledging their
idea.
• To avoid plagiarism by
quoting words and
ideas used by other
authors
• To allow your reader to
track down the sources
you used by citing them
accurately in your paper
by way of footnotes, a
bibliography or reference
list
•Citations consist of the following:
•author name(s)
•titles of books, articles, and journals
•date of publication
•page numbers
•volume and issue numbers (for
articles)
Different ways of citing sources
• APA – American
Psychological
Association
•APA format the most
commonly used style of
citing sources within
social sciences, and
science
•MLA – Modern
Language
Association
•MLA commonly use
when writing
research topics in
liberal arts and
humanities scope
•CMOS -
Chicago Manual
of Style
•Chicago Manual of
Style Citation,
published in 1906 by
University of Chicago
Pres
The Chicago Manual of Style has two
different citation systems:
•Notes-Bibliography System (NB)
-which is used in the arts and
humanities.
• Author-Date System - which is
used in physical, natural, and
social sciences.
•Author - R. Langer
•Article Title - New Methods of Drug
Delivery
•Source Title - Science
•Volume and issue - Vol 249, issue
4976
•Publication Date - 1990
•Page numbers - 1527-1533
•American Psychological
Association  (APA) style:

Langer, R. (1990). New methods of drug

delivery. Science, 249(4976),1527-1533.
•Modern Language Association (MLA)
style:
Langer, R. "New Methods of Drug
Delivery." Science 249.4976 (1990): 15
27-33.
Chapter 2
Review of Related
Literature
 PARTS
A. Local Literature
B. Foreign Literature
C. Local Studies
D. Foreign Studies
E. Synthesis of Related
Literature and Studies
Mechanics of Note Taking
Quotation- “exact word”-
direct and indirect
Paraphrase- restate
Summary- condensed form
Evaluation- own reaction
 Simple Guide to Write a review of
literature review (Galvan, 2006)
• Identify the broad problem
area
• Indicate why the topic being
reviewed is important
•Distinguish between
research findings and other
sources of information
•Indicate why certain studies
are important
 • Citing a classic or
landmark study or one
that was replicated
•Justify comments, such
as
“no studies were found”
• Avoid long list of
nonspecific
references
•Cite all relevant
references in text and in
the reference page
Developing a coherent
essay is needed in the
organization of the
review of literature
(Galvan, 2006)
 Developing a coherent review
• Provide an overview
near the beginning of
the review
 Developing a coherent review
• State explicitly what
will and will not be
covered
•Specify your research
question and
purpose/significance in
the introduction
•Aim for a clear and
cohesive essay that
integrates the key
details of the
literature
•Communicate
your point of
view
•A literature is not a
series of annotated
articles
•Use subheadings
and transitions to
improve the flow of
your paper
•Consider reviewing
studies from
different discipline
separately
•Write a conclusion
for the end of
review
•The conclusions needs to
make a clear how the
material in the body of the
review has supported the
research topic
•Check the flow of
your argument for
coherence
 Ethical
Standards in Writing
Literature
•Honesty – Researcher
must strive for an honest
and well-written report
of the information that
they gathered
•Objectivity – Researcher
must be unbiased in data
and must avoid self-
deception
•Integrity – Researcher
must act with sincerity
and consistency of
thought action
•Carefulness – Avoidance
of careless actions and
errors may lead to better
results
•Openness – open to
criticisms (Constructive
criticism) and new ideas
is an ideal trait for
researcher
•Confidentiality – protect
those you communicate
with in the duration of
your research
•Responsible Publication – the
main goal of publishing papers is
to contribute to the
advancement of research and
knowledge – AVOID
DUPLICATIVE PUBLICATION
•Non-Discrimination –
avoidance of
discrimination base on
gender, ethnicity or other
factors
•Legality – the search for
knowledge does not
excuse a researcher from
obeying the law
•No one is above the law