UNIVERSITY OF BUROA

ASSIGNMENT:URINE ANALYSIS & BODY FLUID

Name: Hafsa Geedi Nour

BODY FLUIDS
 BODY FLUIDS
Two types body fluids
1:Extracellular fluids (ECF)
2:Intracellular fluids(ICF)
 BODY FLUIDS
• EXTRACELLULAR FLUID • CSF
1. PLASMA ¼ • PLEULAR FLUID
2. Interstitial fluid,3/4 liquid • SYNOVIAL FLUID
found between the cells
or tissue fluid EG. lymph • PERITONEAL FLUID,
3. Trans cellular Fluid a body E.T.C
fluid that is not inside
cells but is separated
from plasma and
interstitial fluid by cellular
barriers.
Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
 Cerebrospinal fluid
• Produced at the choroid of • To be eventually
the 4ventricles by modified reabsorbed into the
ependymel cells
blood
• CSF Flows through the
subarachnoid space
• Where a volume of 90-
150ml is maintained(adults)
• Reabsorbed at the
Arachnoid villus/granulation
 FUNCTION OF CSF
• As shock absorber
• As mechanical buffer
• Act as cushion between the brain and cranium
• Act as a reservoir and regulates the contents of the
cranium
• Serves as a medium for nutritional exchange in CNS
• Transport hormones and hormone releasing factors
• Removes the metabolic waste products through
absorption
 CSF Evaluation
• Tube 1- for cell count and differential
• Tube 2- for glucose, protein & enzymes
• Tube 3- for culture, gram stain, AFB stain, ETC
• Tube 4- for cytology
 Composition of CSF
APPEARANCE CELLS DLC Protein Glucose
CLEAR/COLARLES 0-5/UI . 15- 45-
(LYMPHOCYTES PREDOMINANT) adults:70% 45mg/dl 75mg/dl
lymph,
30%
monos.
.
children
/newborns
:
monocyte
 Typical viral meningitis
• CSF WBC elevated, but <250 (PMNs in early
disease, then lymphocytes)
• CSF protein elevated, but <150 mg/dl
• Glucose >25mg/dl of serum concentration.
 Typical bacteria meningitis
• CSF WBC >1000,PMN predominance
• CSF protein>500mg/dl
• CSF glucose<25mg/dl
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) .
Mechanism of increased CSF protein:
-increased permeability of the blood brain
barrier d/t damage
-decreased reabsorption at the arachnoid villi
-mechanial obstructure of CSF flow due to
spinal block above the puncture site
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pyrogallol red technique:
• Protein present in CSF will quantitatively bind
with pyrogollol red molybdate reagent dye at
PH 2.5 violet colored complex
• Intensity of this colored complex is measured
at 600 nm in a specrophotometer
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Serum and CSF albumin & IgG ratio
• Asses permeability of blood brain barrier
 Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
• Obligoclonal bands are
also seen in:
-panencephilitis -various viral CNS
-neurosyphilis infection
- transverse myelitis -neurobrucellosis
-burkitt’s lymphoma -chronic relapsin
polyneuropathy
-trypanosomasis
 Pleural fluid
• Pleural cavity normally contains small amount
of fluid that facilitates movement of two
membranes against each other
• Plasma filtrate derived from capiillaries of the
parietal pleura
• Produced continuously at the rate dependent
on capillary hydrostatic pressure, plasma
oncotic pressure and capilarypermeability
 Pleural fluid
• Accumulation of fluid-an effusion, result from
imbalance between the fluid and reabsorption
• Fluid accumulation in pleural, pericardial and
peritoneal cavities –serous effusion
 Transudate
• Clear, pale yellow, watery substance
• Influenced by systemic factors that alter the
formation or absorption of fluid
• Increase in hydrostatic pressure
• Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
• Contains few protein cells
• Common couses CHF and liver or kidney
disease
 Exudate
• Pale yellow and cloudy substance
• Influenced by local factor where fluid
absorption is altered (inflammation, infection,
cancer )
• Rich in white blood cells and immune cells
• Always has a low PH
• Common couses pneumonia, cancer, and
trauma
 Pleural fluid
Biochemical constituents
Protein:
-contain <50%of serum protein level
-estimation help in differemtiating transudate or exudate
Glucose:
-similar to serum glucose level
-low pleural fluid glucose- malignancy, TB, rheumatoid
pleuritis, non purulent bacteria infections, lupus
pleuritis, etc
Peritoneal fluid
 Peritoneal fluid
• Ascites –pathology accumulation of excess
fluid in the peritoneal cavity
• Normal volume -50ml
• Produced as an ultrafiltrate of plasma
dependent on vascular permeability,
hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
Pericardial fluid
 Pericardial fluid
• Normal volume: 10-50ml
• Pericardial effusion- excess accumulation
• Often caused by viral infection, most common
by enterovirus
 Synovial fluid
• Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma combined with
hyaluronic acid produced in the joints by the
synovial tendom sheaths, etc
• Composition similar to plasma as small ions
and molecules readily pass into joint space
• Reabsorption –lymphatic
• Acts as a lubricant and adhesive, and provides
nutrients for the avascular articular cartilage
Amniotic fluid
 Amniotic fluid

• Fluid surrounds, protects, and nourishes a

growing fetus during pregnancy
• Allow the baby to move relatively freely and
help maintain a stable temperature
• Increases in volume as fetus grows
• Highest -34weeks
• At first it is mainly water with electrolytes by
about 12-14th week
Seminal fluid
 Seminal fluid
• Semi –gelatinous or liquid suspension
containing spermatozoa and secretion from
male accessory organ
• Net fluid formed by mixing of the testicular
fluid, and secretion from the seminal vesicles
• Composition is most suitable for the
maintenance and survival of spermatozoa
 Seminal fluid
• Has same ph as blood plasma
• Conc. Of lactate, phosphate, and citrate is
higher than in blood
• Chloride and cholesterol are lower
• Sugar content is hight –fructose
• If fructose is low –infertility (spermatozoa
can’t survive
 Seminal fluid
• Semen analysis is used to determine whether
a man might be infertile
THANK YOU