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Boiler Condenser
Feed water
Heater
Main Categories Of
Exchanger
Heat exchangers
Recuperators Regenerators
Wall
Wall separating
separating streams
streams Direct contact
Most heat exchangers have two streams, hot and cold, but
some have more than two
Recuperators/Regenerators
Recuperative:
Has separate flow paths for each fluid
which flow simultaneously through the
exchanger transferring heat between the
streams
Regenerative
Has a single flow path which the hot and
cold fluids alternately pass through.
Compactness
Simplest type has one tube inside another - inner tube may
have longitudinal fins on the outside
Fluid R”,
m2K/Watt
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (below 50 oC) 0.0001
Seawater and treated boiler feedwater (above 50oC) 0.0002
River water (below 50oC) 0.0002-0.001
Fuel Oil 0.0009
Regrigerating liquids 0.0002
Steam (non-oil bearing) 0.0001
Basic flow arrangement in
tube in tube flow
t1 t2 t2 t1
T1 T2 T1
Parallel Flow T2
T1 Counter Flow
T1
T2
Temperature
T2
Temperature
t1
t2 t2
t1
Position
Position
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method
.
Want a relation Q UATm
dQ dQ
Now from (1) dTh dTc
m h ch m c cc
1 1
d Th Tc dQ
m c cc m h ch
Heat Exchanger Analysis
(contd…)
Subtract dQ from (2),
d Th Tc 1 1
U dA
Th Tc m c cc m h ch
Integrate 1 2
Th 2 Tc 2 1 1
ln UA
Th1 Tc1 m c cc m h ch
Q UA LMTD
LMTD is Log Mean Temperatur e Differenc e
Condenser Evaporator
Multipass HX Flow
Arrangements
In order to increase the surface area for convection
relative to the fluid volume, it is common to design for
multiple tubes within a single heat exchanger.
With multiple tubes it is possible to arrange to flow so
that one region will be in parallel and another portion in
counter flow.
1-2 pass heat exchanger,
indicating that the shell side
fluid passes through the unit
once, the tube side twice. By
convention the number of shell
side passes is always listed
first.
Multipass HX Flow
Arrangements (contd…)
The LMTD formulas developed earlier are no longer adequate for
multipass heat exchangers. Normal practice is to calculate the LMTD for
counter flow, LMTDcf, and to apply a correction factor, FT, such that
eff FT LMTDCF
1 R P
FT 1 X1/ Nshell
2 P R 1 R 2 1 Effectiveness : P , for R 1
R 1 ln
R X 1/ N shell
2 P R 1 R 1
2
P
Po
, for R 1
t 2 t1 Po R 1
Po X
N shell Po N shell 1 T1 t1 Po 1
T1 T2
Capacity ratio R T,t = Shell / tube side; 1, 2 = inlet / outlet
t 2 t1
Multipass HX Flow
Arrangements (contd…)
1.0
FT
R=10.0 R=0.1
0.5
0.0 P 1.0
Effectiveness-NTU Method
Procedure:
Determine Cmax, Cmin/Cmax
Get UA/Cmin, from
chart
Procedure:
Determine Cmax, Cmin/Cmax
Get UA/Cmin, from
chart
. kg J W
Cmax m g cw 2.5 4179 10,448
s kg .C C
C
min 4,882 0.467
Cmax 10,448
T T
ε 1 2 200 93 0.649
T t 200 35
1 1
Effectiveness-NTU Method
(contd…)
C
min 0.467
Cmax
NTU max 1.4
0.649
1.4 4,882 W
NTU maxC C 38.0m 2
A min
U 180 W
m 2 C