SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

eslancita
Learning Targets

You will learn to:

differentiate sexual reproduction in plants and

animals
explain the process of fertilization; and
explain how sexual reproduction is responsible
for variation
What is Reproduction

 The process by which mature individuals produce

offspring
 An essential characteristics of all living organisms
Importance of Reproduction

 Procreation - reproduction sustains the species

so that it does not become extinct.
2 Types of Reproduction

1. Sexual
2. Asexual
Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction – is a process that creates a new

organism from the combination
of two parents or two cells.
- involves gametes
formation and fertilization
2 Main Processes Involved in Sexual
Reproduction

1. Gametes formation (sex cells: sperm and

egg)
2. Fertilization – the union of sperm and egg
Angiosperm Sexual Reproduction

Angiosperms

- “flowering plants”
- largest group of plants in the world
- found in all types of climates
- produce flowers for reproduction
 Gumamela flower

 Flowers – are the reproductive part of the plant

 Parts of a Flower:
 Peduncle: This is the stalk of the flower.
 Receptacle: It is that part of the flower to which the stalk is attached to. It is small and found at the
centre of the base of the flower.
 Sepals: These are the small, leaf-like parts growing at the base of the petals. They form the outermost
whorl of the flower. Collectively, sepals are known as the calyx. The main function of the calyx and its
sepals is to protect the flower before it blossoms(in the bud stage).
 Petals: This layer lies just above the sepal layer. They are often bright in colour as their main function
is to attract pollinators such as insects, butterflies etc to the flower. The petals are collectively known
as the corolla.
 Stamens: These are the male parts of a flower. Many stamens are collectively known as the
androecium.        They are structurally divided into two parts:
- Filament: the part that is long and slender and attached the anther to the flower.
- Anthers: It is the head of the stamen and is responsible for producing the pollen which is
transferred to the pistil or female parts of the same or another flower to bring about fertilization.
Parts of a Flower:
 Carpel (Pistil): This forms the female parts of a flower. A collection of pistils is
called the gynoecium.
 Style -is a long slender stalk that holds the stigma. Once the pollen reaches the
stigma, the style starts to become hollow and forms a tube called the pollen tube
which takes the pollen to the ovaries to enable fertilization.
 Stigma– This is found at the tip of the style. It forms the head of the pistil. The
stigma contains a sticky substance whose job is to catch pollen grains from different
pollinators or those dispersed through the wind. They are responsible to begin the
process of fertilization.
 Ovary – They form the base of the pistil. The ovary holds the ovules.
 Ovules– These are the egg cells of a flower. They are contained in the ovary. In the
event of a favorable pollination where a compatible pollen reaches the stigma and
eventually reaches the ovary to fuse with the ovules, this fertilized product forms the
fruit and the ovules become the seeds of the fruit.
Stamen – male reproductive organ
Gamete Production

MALE GAMETOPHYTES:
 Gametophytes – are gamete-producing generations of flowering plants.
 Gametes – sex cells
 Pollen grains (microgametophyte) – are the male gametophyte of angiosperms
 A single mature pollen grain consists of two cells:
1. tube cell
2. generative cell
carpel – female reproductive organ
Gamete Production

FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE:
 Embryo sac (megagametophyte) – the female gametophyte, forms in each ovule found in a
flower’s ovary.
 Embryo sac contains the ff. cells:
1. egg,
2. synergid cells
3. antipodals
4. polar nuclei
Endosperm – food supply for the developing embryo.
Zygote – fertilized egg
Double fertilization:

1 - sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote

1 - sperm combines with the 2 polar nuclei to
become the endosperm
 ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Sexual reproduction in animals consist of 3 fundamentals

steps:
1. gametogenesis
2. mating
3. fertilization
 ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Sexual reproduction in animals consist of 3 fundamentals steps:

1. gametogenesis – is the process of producing
gametes or sex cells that
occurs in the gonads, which are testes in males and ovaries
in females.
Gonads – the reproductive organ in animals
ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 In humans:

Spermatogenesis – the process of producing sperm

cells.

For every mother cell, known as primary spermatocyte, four

sperms cells will be produced after a series of division.
ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 In humans:

Oogenesis – the process of producing egg cells.

Everymonth, an oocyte develops and 4 ovum cells are

produced. Among these four, only one (1) becomes a
matured egg cell.
ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 External fertilization – the fusion of gametes

outside the organism’s body.
ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Internal fertilization – the fusion of gametes

inside the organism’s body.
Internal Fertilization

 There are 3 types of organism that use internal fertilization to reproduce:

1. Oviparous animals – are those that lay eggs. Ex. birds, insects, reptiles
2. Viviparous animals – are those that give birth to live young. Ex. dogs,
whales, cats,
3. Ovoviviparous animals – are those that produce eggs that remain within
the mother’s body and hatched withing the body;
they give birth to live young. Ex. some species of
sharks, snakes, amphibians and other invertebrates.
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous
 Ovoviviparous animals
 internally brood and hatch eggs
 release live young
 examples: live-bearing snakes (boas, pythons, etc.), some sharks and rays
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 A form of reproduction in which new individuals are
produced from a single parent without the formation of
gametes.
Forms of Asexual Reproduction

 Budding- Ex: Yeast

 Binary fission: Ex: Bacteria, amoeba
 Fragmentation: Ex: Flatworms, sponges, hydra
 Vegetative propagation: Ex: Runner and stolons
in plants
Plant Asexual Reproduction

 2 Types of Asexual Reproduction used in Plants

1. vegetative propagation
2. tissue culture
Vegetative Propagation

 Is a type of asexual reproduction that uses specialized structures (stems, roots, leaves)