Voice

Production
 Four Stages of Voice Production
Stage 1:Respiration
2 sub-stages:
A. Inhalation
B. Exhalation
The chief muscle of inhalation is the DIAPHRAGM.
It contracts or exerts a pull in one direction after
which it relaxes.
When it contracts—Inhalation
When it relaxes--Exhalation
 Four Stages of Voice Production
Stage2: Phonation
The production of the basic sounds by
the vibration of the vocal cords.
It occurs when the exiting air exerts
effort on the vocal folds located in the
throat.
It involves production, modification and
variation of tones of the speakers voice.
 Four Stages of Voice Production
Stage 3: Resonation
It is the amplification of sounds.
The phonated sound is amplified in the
following cavities:
Pharyngeal Cavity (throat)
Oral Cavity (mouth)
Nasal Cavity (nose)
 Four Stages of Voice Production
Stage 4: Articulation
It is the process by which the vocal sounds
become speech sounds, syllables and words.
The active use of the articulators produces
precision and sharpness.
When it is refined to meet the demands of a
particular language, it is known as
PRONUNCIATION ( prƏ-nƏn-sē-’a-shƏn)
 Articulators
 These are organs that give final shape to the
tone.
1. lips
2. teeth
3. gum ridge
4. hard palate
5. soft palate
6. tongue
7. lower jaw
Points to Remember in Breathing for Speech
1. The breath should come easily.
2. The rhythm of breathing must conform to the
rhythm of speech.
3. Use both the mouth and nasal passage in
breathing during speech.
4. Sips of air should be taken when pausing
between phrases.
5. There should be proper control of exhalation.
6. Proper posture is needed for effective voice
production
 Phonatory Faults
These are brought about by improper
phonation, which results to
inappropriate voice quality.
1. Breathiness
 It results from poor balance of the
speech mechanism. There is a
release of excessive air.
 Phonatory Faults
2. Weakness
 It results from too light pressure of the
breath stream, inadequate responses of
the vocal folds.
3. Harshness
 It is the jerky, coughlike, vocal explosion
caused by the strained condition of the
throat. It leads to high pitch and to a flat
tone which lacks resonance and tone color.
 Phonatory Faults
4. Pinched Tone
 The effect when one talks as if trying
to be heard over noise.
5. Faulty Nasal Resonance
 It is a dull smothered quality arising
from too much tone allowed to
reverberate in the nasal chamber.
 Phonatory Faults
6. Denasalization
 It results from a severe cold,
enlarged adenoids or other nasal
obstructions so the nasal consonants
/m/ , /n/ and /y/are pronounced
differently.
 Phonetics
It is the science of vocal sounds.
It is primarily concerned with the
production or formation of speech
sounds by speech mechanism.
It is also the study of speech sounds as
used separately or in combination.
 The Objectives of Phonetics
• The proper identification of a phoneme
or basic sound unit.
• The correct method of producing each
speech sound for the mastery of a
language.
• The proper and best means to combine
sounds into words so that clarity
smoothness and beauty of speech is
achieved.
 The Objectives of Phonetics
• The accepted and correct pronunciation
of words pleasing to listeners.
• The vigorous, voicing of sounds to
produce clear, ringing tone.
• The proper stressing of syllables and
words so that speech maybe clearly
understood.
 The Objectives of Phonetics
• The proper stressing of syllables and
words so that speech maybe clearly
understood.
• The proper use of pausing and phrasing
to enable the speaker to breathe often
enough, to maintain his ease and poise.
• The intonation patterns to enable the
speaker to give variety to his words.
 The International Phonetic Alphabet

• It is a set of symbols designed to represent

pronunciations, without respelling and
without the use of diacritical marks.
• It uses one symbol to represent one sound or
phoneme.
• It is a medium of representing speech sounds
in mastering the sounds of English.
The Symbols of the International Phonetic
Alphabet
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

p /p/
b /b/
t /t/
d /d/
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

c, k /k/
g /g/
f, ph /f/
v /v/
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

th /ѳ/
th //
s, c /s/
z /z/
sh /S/
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

su, si /ʒ/
h /h/
ch /tS/
j /dʒ/
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

m /m/
n /n/
ng /ɳ/
l /l/
Commonly Spelled as IPA symbol

r /r/
y /j/
w /w/
wh /ᴍ/
 Classification of Consonants
 Plosives-characterized by a momentary
blocking of the air stream and sudden
release of air.

 Fricatives-characterized by a partial
blocking of the air stream at some
point in the mouth
 Classification of Consonants
Glides-characterized by the stopping of
the air stream at the glottis itself. This
results in a panting noise or a choking
sound.
Affricates-characterized by the stopping
of the breath stream and then releasing it
through a narrow opening with friction.
 Classification of Consonants
Laterals-characterized by the passage of
the air stream by the sides of the tongue

Nasal- characterized by the blocking of

the air stream and then expelling it
through the nasal cavity