ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

Lecture 3
PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY

Widya, M.Hum.
In this lecture, you will learn…

 the definition of phonetics &

phonology
the difference between phonetics &
phonology
 Phoneme & allophone
 The IPA
 Phonetics deals with the production of speech
sounds by humans, often without prior
knowledge of the language being spoken. 
Phonetics vs.
Phonology Phonology is about patterns of sounds,
especially different patterns of sounds in
different languages, or within each language,
different patterns of sounds in different
positions in words etc.
 Articulatory Phonetics
 The study of how speech sounds are produced

Acoustic Phonetics

Phonetics The Physical properties of speech as sound waves in

the air

Auditory Phonetics
 The perception of sounds or the way in which sounds
are heard & interpreted
 PHONEMES  The smallest unit of sounds that has meaning.
/p/ : pin
/b/ : bin

ALLOPHONES  The variations of phoneme.

Phonemes Example:
and the consonant phoneme /k/ has different variant pronunciations in
Allophones different contexts.
The place of
keep /kip/ articulation is [k+h]
fronter in the
mouth
The place of
cart /kt/ articulation is not [kh]
so front in the
mouth
 WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC
ALPHABET?

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an academic

standard created by the International Phonetic Association.

IPA IPA is a phonetic notation system that uses a set of symbols

to represent each distinct sound that exists in human
spoken language. It encompasses all languages spoken on
earth. The system was created in 1886 and was last updated
in 2005. It consists of 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four
prosodic marks.
(Source: https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/)
 VOWELS
 Viewed from mouth space:
without obstruction => no narrowing nor closing
Segments of  Viewed from vocal cords: all voiced sounds
Speech
CONSONANTS
 Viewed from mouth space:
with obstruction => narrowing or closing
 Viewed from vocal cords: some are voiced and some are
breathed or voiceless sounds
IPA
CONSONANTS

SOURCE: https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-charts/consonants/
ENGLISH
CONSONANTS
IPA
VOWELS

Source https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-charts/vowels/
ENGLISH
VOWELS
THE PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS USE THE SQUARE BRACKET [ ]

THE PHONEMES (PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION) ADOPT THE

SLASH / /
 This app helps
you to recognise

the English
sounds from the
native speakers
and the phonetic
symbols