/fə'netɪks/

Speech Sounds and Their System

Claudia Judith Mosquera Muñoz

Foreign Language Department Teacher
TOPICS:
Phoneti
cs
Communication
process
IPA
Articulatio
nConsonant
s Vow
el
What is Phonetics?
Phonetics is the study of the way
people physical produce and  the science of speech
perceive the different sounds we
use to create speech. These sounds
sounds are called phonemes and
are created by the various 'organs  provide the set of
of speech' in the body, including
the tongue, the soft and hard features or properties
palate, lips, pharynx, etc.
Phonetics, unlike phonology, is not  describe and
concerned in any way with the
meaning connected to these distinguish all the sounds
sounds.
Phoneme: A phoneme is the smallest contrastive
unit in the sound system of a language.
 speech
Three sub-fields of phonetics
production by the
speech organs

 articulatory （） phonetics
 acoustic （） phonetics
 auditory （） phonetics
physical perception
properties of speech
of speech sounds
sounds
 speech
Three sub-fields of phonetics production by the
speech
organs /’ɔ:gəns/
 articulatery /ɑ:´tɪkjʊlətli/ phonetics
 acoustic /ə’ku:stɪk/ phonetics
 auditory /’ɔ:dɪtri/ phonetics
physical perception
properties of speech
of speech sounds
sounds
Can you read this ？

I take it you already know

Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
[tΛf] [bau] [kɔf] [dəʊ]
Others may stumble but not you
On hiccough, thorough, lough and through.
['hɪkΛp] ['ѲΛrə] [lɔk] [Ѳru:]
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps,
To learn of less familiar traps?

Bough= rama
Dough= masa, plata, lana
Thorough=riguroso,concienzudo
 International Phonetic
Alphabet

The tool in phonetics used to

transcribe/træn'skraɪb/ speech sounds of different
languages /'læŋgwɪdʒ/
/θrəʊt/
Ways to describe sounds
 place of articulation /ɑ:’tɪkjʊleɪʃən/ （） :
WHERE the sound is made

 manner of articulation （） :
HOW the tongue, lips, etc. are
configured/kən'fɪgərt/ to produce the
sound
 Articulation

The production of different speech

sounds through the use of speech
organs
 Speech organs
/'neɪzəl/
/'kævəti/ /'pælət/

/ælvi’əʊlə/

(The soft palate.)

/dʒɔ:/ /epɪglɒtɪs/

/'lærɪŋks/

/’glɒtɪs/
 Labio-dental [f]
Alveolar [r]
Palato-alveolar [ʃ]

Fresh fried fish,

Fish fresh fried,
Fried fish fresh,
Fish fried fresh.
 Epiglottis: The thin elastic cartilaginous
structure located at the root of the tongue
Uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of that folds over the glottis to prevent food and
tissue suspended from the center of liquid from entering the trachea during the ac
the soft palate. of swallowing.

Pharyngeal cavity: Is the part of t

neck and throat situated immedia
posterior to (behind) the mouth a
nasal cavity,
Velum: A membranous cover that resembles a
curtain or veil.. the soft palate behind the hard
palate.
 Speech Organs
Organ Speech function
Lungs supply airstream
Vocal produce vibration in
cords resonating cavity

Tongue articulate sounds

Teeth provide passive
articulator and
acoustic
baffle(frustrate)
Lips articulate sounds
 The principal cavities or
resonators:
 pharyngeal cavity
 oral cavity
 nasal cavity
 labial cavity

The vocal tract:

 the long tubular structure
/ˈrezəneɪtər/ formed by the pharyngeal
/ˈfær.ɪŋkdʒəl/ / cavity, oral cavity and nasal
leɪbiəl cavity
/neɪzəl/
 Process of articulation
The air breathed in → lungs → the air pressed out →windpipe
(specialized trachea/trə’ki:ə/)
→ larynx /'lærɪŋks/ →

↗mouth cavity
Pharynx/’færɪŋks/ →
↘ nasal cavity

/trə’ki:ə/
 Consonants

A sound made by a closure /'kləʊʒə(r)/ in the

vocal tract, or by a narrowing from which
air cannot escape without producing audible
/'ɔ:dəbəl/ friction.
 Consonant
Consonants are described in terms of three dimensions:   whether or not the vocal
cords are vibrating—voicing;  where the sound is being made—the place of
articulation;  and how the sound is being made—the manner of articulation.    All
three are really just descriptions of what happens as to the flow of air as a
consonant is produced.   

Voicing.   If the vocal cords

are vibrating when the air
flow passes through the
larynx (in the voice box), the
sound is described as
voiced;  if not, the
consonant is described as
voiceless. 
 Possible places of articulation for consonants
Type consonants
Bilabial/baɪleɪ.bi.əl/: bi- 'two' +  labi- [p] [b] [m]
'lip' + -al 
Sounds made with two lips
Labio-dental: labio- 'lip' +  dent- 'tooth' + -
al
[f] [v]
Sounds made with the upper teeth and the
lower lip.
Interdental: inter-  'between' +  dent- [θ] [ð]
'tooth' + -al
Sounds made between the teeth
Alveolar: alveol- + -ar [t] [d] [n] [l] [r] [s] [z]
Sounds made at the alveolar ridge, the
bumpy ridge just behind the teeth

Palatal: palat- + -al [j]

Sounds made behind the alveolar ridge
Palato-alveolar: [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
Sounds made at the velum. 
possible places of articulation for consonants
Sounds made with either the tongue tip or the tongue blade as the active articulator
Type consonants
Velar [k] [g] [ŋ ]
Glottal glott-  + -al [h]
Sounds made at the voice
box,  that is, at the glottis. English uses the glottal "fricative" [h]

Retroflex
[r]
are made with the tongue tip
curled back
A voiced uvualar trill or fricative (depending on the
Uvular dialect) is used for the R sound of European French and
increasingly in Canadian French.

We have seen that a pharyngeal approximant is one of

Pharyngeal the three gestures that make up an English [r]. It is
possible to narrow the pharynx even more to create the
radico-pharyngeal fricatives used in, for example, Arabic
Bilabial [p, b, m] ([w])
Labiodental [f, v]
Dental [ ð θ]
Alveolar [t, d, n, s, z, ɹ, l]
Postalveolar [ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ ]
Retroflex [r]
Palatal [j]
Velar [k, g, ŋ]
Uvular French [r]
Pharyngeal
Glottal [h], [ʔ]
Can you read this?

Bilabial [b]
Alveolar [l], [r]

Blake's black bike's back

brake bracket block
broke
Write out the following proverbial expressions, which are given in broad transcription.

(1)    /ðə roʊd tə hel ɪz peɪvd wɪð ɡʊd ɪntenʃənz/

  
(2)    /bɜ:dz əv ə feðər flɑk təɡeðər/
 
(3)    /ə roʊlɪŋ stoʊn ɡæðərz nəu mɑs/
  
(4)    /ə wɑtʃt kɛtəl nevər bɔɪlz/
  
(5)    /tʃeɪrɪt i bɪɡɪnz æt hoʊm/
  
(6)    /evri klaʊd hæz ə sɪlvər laɪnɪŋ/
  
(7)    /ɡreɪt maɪndz rʌn ɪn ðə seɪm tʃænəlz/
  
(8)    /meni hændz meɪk laɪt wɔrk/
  
(9)    /stɪl wɔ:tərz rʌn dip/
  
(10)  /ði ɜ:li bɜ:d kætʃəz ðə wɜ:rm/
(11)  /taɪm ænd taɪd weɪt fər nəu mæn/
    
(l2)   / ɒpə'tju:nəti nɑks bət wʌns/
   
(13)  /ə ful ænd hɪz mʌni ɑ: su:n pɑrtɪd/
    
(14)  / ɔ:l wɜ:k ænd nəu pleɪ meɪks dʒæk ə dʌl bɔɪ/
    
(15)  /ə stɪtʃ ɪn taɪm seɪvz naɪn/
    
(16)  /ɪt eɪks tu: tə meɪk ə kwɔ:rəl/
    
(17)  /ən æpəl ə deɪ kips ðə dɑktər əweɪ/
    
 Answer

(1) The road to Hell is paved with good intentions.

(2) Birds of a feather flock together. 1. El camino del infierno está empedrando de
buenas intenciones
(3) A rolling stone gathers no moss.
2. Dios los cría y ellos se juntan.
(4) A watched kettle never boils. 3. Piedra que rueda no cría moho.
(5) Charity begins at home. 4. Un calentador de agua, vistos nunca hierve.
5. La caridad empieza en casa.
(6) Every cloud has a silver lining. 6. No hay mal que por bien no venga
(7) Great minds run in the same channels. 7. Las grandes mentes se ejecutan en los
mismos canales.
(8) Many hands make light work.
8. Muchas manos hacen el trabajo ligero.
(9) Still waters run deep. 9. Aún así las aguas son profundas.
(10) The early bird catches the worm. 10. Al que madruga, dios le ayuda.
11. Tiempo y limpieza no espera a nadie
(11) Time and tide wait for no man.
12. Oportunidad de golpes, pero una vez.
13. Un tonto y su dinero pronto se separaron.
(l2) Opportunity knocks but once. 14. Todo el trabajo y nada de juego hacen de
Jack un chico aburrido.
(13) A fool and his money are soon parted.
15. Una puntada a tiempo ahorra nueve
(14) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 16. Se necesitan dos para hacer una pelea.
(15) A stitch in time saves nine.
17. Una manzana al día mantiene alejado al
médico.
(16) It takes two to make a quarrel.

(17) An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Manner of articulation
of consonants
 Type consonants

Plosive(stops) [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [tʃ] [dʒ]

The breath is completely stopped at some point
in the mouth, by the lips or tongue-tip or tongue-
back and then released with slight explosion.

Nasal [m] [n] [ŋ ]

If the air flow is constricted enough to cause friction, but
not completely stopped

Lateral [l] [r]

Instead of the breath passing down the centre of
the mouth, it passes round the side of an
obstruction set up in the centre.

Fricative [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]
The lungs push the air through a narrow opening
where it causes friction of various kinds. All have
friction as their more important feature.

Glide semi-vowels/semi-consonants [w] /u/ [j] /i/ [r]

the glides are half-way between vowels and
,
consonants which consist of a quick, smooth, no-
friction glide towards a following vowel sound.
 Nasal [m]

Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me.

My mother's making me marry Mary Mac.
Will I always be so merry when Mary's taking care of me?
Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?
Fricative [ʃ]

If a shipshape ship shop

stocks six shipshape shop-
soiled ships,
how many shipshape shop-
soiled ships would six
shipshape ship shops stock?
 While we were walking,
we were watching window washers wash
Washington’s windows with warm washing water.

Glide [w]
Chart of English Consonants
 Voicing
 voiceless:
 [p] [t] [k] [f] [h] [s] ([tr] [ts])

 voiced
[b] [d] [m] [n] [v] [z]
[w] [j] [l] [r] ([dr] [dz])
Which Witch?
For fewer and fewer English speakers, the two
words in the name of this board game are
distinct -- "wh" is voiceless, while plain "w" is
voiced. That's a distinction that goes back to
Old English and earlier. But for most speakers
today, they sound almost the same.
 Vowel
（）
a sound in which there is no
obstruction to the flow of air as it
passes from the larynx to the lips
 Vowels
• Monophthongs (Pure vowels
-Short vowels (Lax vowels):
[i] [e [u]
-Long vowels (Tense vowels):
[i:] [a:] [u:]
• Diphthongs (Gliding vowels) (8):
 -Falling diphthongs: [ei] [ai] [i] [u] [au]
 -Rising diphthongs: [] [] []

Triphthongs e.g. [au]
 Pure vowels
 location of the tongue in the mouth

 the openness of the mouth

 the shape of the lips

 the length and tenseness in articulation

 nasalization
Location of the tongue
in the mouth

type vowels
front [i] [i:] [e] []
central [] [] [:]
back [] [:] [u] [u:] [a:]
The openness of the mouth

type vowels
close [i] [i:] [u] [u:]
semi-close [e] [:]
semi-open [] [:]
open [] [] [] [a:]
The position of the tongue raised

type vowels
high [i] [i:] [u] [u:]
mid [e] [] [:] [:]
low [] [] [] [a:]
the shape of the lips

type vowels
rounded [u:] [u] [:] []
unrounded [i] [i:] [e] [] [] []
[:] [a:]
 Close, front, high vowel [i:]

Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew.

While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew.
Freezy breeze made these three trees freeze.
Freezy trees made these trees' cheese freeze.
That's what made these three free fleas sneeze.
 Back to the chart
voiceless - left voiced - right

Place of articulation
Manner of
articulation labio- inter-
bilabial dental dental alveolar palatal velar glottal

stop p b _____ _____ t d _____ k g ʔ

fricative _____ f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ _____ h

affricate _____ _____ _____ _____ ʧ ʤ _____ _____

nasal m _____ _____ n _____ ŋ _____

lat. _____ _____ _____ l _____ _____ _____

liquid
retr. r

glide w _____ _____ _____ j _____ _____

 FIGURE 1.4
The International Phonetic Alphabet