Fonética Inglesa

Name: Angélica Yan M

ID: 2164234

What is the difference between Phonetics and Phonology?

Phonetic is the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic
qualities and phonology is basically the study of the categorical organization of speech
sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey
meaning.

Phonology is that branch of linguistics which studies the sound system of languages. The
sound system involves
 the actual pronunciation of words, which can be broken up into the smallest units of
pronunciation, known as a segment or
a phoneme. (The words pat, chat and fat have different phonemes at the
beginning, and so phonemes contrast with each other to produce different words.)
 prosody – pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm – the ‘music’ of speech. (Other
terms used are non-segmental phonology or supra-segmental phonology.)

What organs contribute to the production of speech? Draw a

squeme of the organs that produce the speech.
Describe how the production of speech occurs?

 The pharynx If you look in your mirror with your mouth open, you can see the back
of the pharynx. The velum or soft palate in speech it is raised so that air cannot
escape through the nose. When we make the sounds k and g the tongue is in
contact with the lower side of the velum, and we call these velar consonants.
 Glottis as the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces as buzzing
quality to the speech. Sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal.

 Uvula The uvula is used to make guttural sounds. It helps to make nasal
consonants by stopping air from moving through the nose.
  Tongue Usually, it is divided into different parts: tip, blade, front, back and root.
Tongue plays important part in production of almost every speech sounds.

 Lips They serve for creating different sounds mainly the labial, bilabial and labio
dental. Bilabials are produced trough upper and lower lip such as /p/, /b/,/m/ and
/w/. Labio dental sounds are produced through the upper teeth and lower lip such
as /f/ and /v/.

 The lungs are the main source of air-stream used in the production of a majority of
the speech sounds in all languages. Although the respiratory process is quite
complex, it can be simply described in terms of two basic processes, namely
inhalation accompanied by the expansion of the diaphragm flanking them, and
exhalation accompanied by the contraction of the diaphragm flanking them. They
connect through the bronchial tubes (the trachea and the esophagus) to the larynx.

 The larynx is crucially involved in the production of different types of ‘voices’,

such as plain voiced sounds, voiceless sounds, ‘creaky’ and sounds.

The main parts of the articulatory system are the vocal cords in the larynx, the pharyngeal
wall, the tongue, the soft palate or the velum, the hard palate, the alveolar ridge, teeth and
lips.

 Teeth They are responsible for creating sounds mainly the labio dental and
lingua dental. Lingua dental sounds are produced by placing tongue tip
between upper and lower lip such as // and //.

 Alveolar Ridge Alveolar sounds are produced through th front part of the tongue
placed on alveolar ridge. Sounds made with tongue touching alveolar ridge
such as /t/, /z/,/l/,/d/ and /n/. For the sound /s/, air from th lungs passes
continuously through the mouth, but the tongue is raised sufficiently close to the
alveolar ridge.

 Hard Palate Like the alveolar ridge, the tongue touches and taps the palate
when articulating speech such as /j/.
 How many consonant sounds are in the American English?

 b sound /b/
 ch sound /ʧ/ ,
 d sound /d/
 f sound /f/
 g sound /g/
 h sound /h/
 j sound /ʤ/
 k sound /k/
 l sound /l/
 m sound /m/

 n sound /n/
 ng sound /ŋ/
 p sound /p/
 r sound /r/
 s sound /s/
 sh sound /ʃ/
 t sound /t/
 th sound (unvoiced) /θ/
 th sound (voiced) /ð/
 v sound /v/
 w sound /w/
 y sound /y/
 z sound /z/
 zh sound /ʒ/

What is Voicing, Place and Manner?

voicing is a term used in phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants),
Voicing refers to the articulatory process in which the vocal folds vibrate, its primary use in
phonology to describe phones, which are particular speech sounds.
larynx (that is the part of your neck referred to as the Adam’s apple with boys) and slowly
say the words serve and surf while concentrating on the last sound. All English sounds, as
they are egressive-pulmonic, have to pass through the glottis (the gap between the vocal
folds in the voice box) on their way to the oral cavity.

If the vocal folds are apart, there is a gap between them and the glottis is open. Air coming
from the lungs can pass relatively freely through. These sounds are called voiceless.

If the vocal folds are close together, the glottis is narrow and the upcoming air has to force
its way through causing the vocal folds to vibrate. This is what you can sense with your
fingers if you place them on your larynx when you say the last sound in the word serve.
These sounds are called voiced.

What are voiced and unvoiced consonants? Write example of

each.

Voiced Consonants
Your vocal cords, which are actually mucous membranes, stretch across the larynx at the
back of the throat. By tightening and relaxing as you speak, the vocal cords modulate the
flow of breath expelled from the lungs.

An easy way to determine whether a consonant is voiced or not is to place a finger on your
throat. As you pronounce a letter, feel the vibration of your vocal cords. If you feel a
vibration the consonant is a voiced one.
These are the voiced consonants: B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (as in the word
"then"), V, W, Y, and Z.

Here are some examples of words that include voiced consonants:

 traveled
 gloves
 shells
 started
 changed
 wheels
 lived
 dreams
 exchanged
 globes
 phones
 listened
 organized

Voiceless Consonants
Voiceless consonants do not use the vocal cords to produce their hard, percussive
sounds. Instead, they're slack, allowing air to flow freely from the lungs to the mouth,
where the tongue, teeth, and lips engage to modulate the sound.

These are the voiceless consonants: Ch., F, K, P, S, Sh, T, and Th (as in "thing").
Common words using them include:

 washed
 coats
 watched
 books
 seats
 dropped
 carts