Matapelajaran Pengajian

Umum (MPU) Subject

YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
MPU 3322

TOPIC 2:
AREA OF DEVELOPMENT: Youth
Development & Youth Leadership
 Matapelajaran Pengajian

Learning Outcomes Umum (MPU) Subject

At the end of this lecture, students should be

able to:
i. Define youth development and youth
leadership
ii. Describe in detail 5 areas of development -
working, learning, thriving, connecting and
leading.
iii. Explain how youths can develop their
leadership qualities through youth leadership
programmes
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Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian

Definition
Umum (MPU) Subject

Youth Youth
Development Leadership

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 • is a process which prepares young people
Youth to meet the challenges of adolescence and
adulthood through coordinated, progressive
Developmen series of activities and experiences
• helps them to become socially, morally,
t emotionally, physically, and cognitively
competent.

• 1. The ability to guide or direct others on a

course of action, influence the opinion and
behavior of other people, and show the way by
going in advance.
• 2. The ability to analyze one's own strengths
Youth and weaknesses, set personal and vocational
goals, and have the self-esteem to carry them
Leadership out.
• The ability to identify community resources and
use them, not only to live independently, but also
to establish support networks to participate in
community life and to affect positive social
change”

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

Based on the definition one can distinguish youth

leadership from youth development:

Youth development Youth leadership

• Includes youth leadership • distinct area of youth
competencies development
• encompasses a broader, • primary focus on mastery
more holistic process of of certain competencies
developmental growth • necessary for effective
• occurs during leadership, including
adolescence, one that responsibility, teamwork,
will determine both and vision.
adolescent and adult
behavior.

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 Outcomes of young people’s Matapelajaran Pengajian

participation in development settings:

Umum (MPU) Subject

1. Increased self esteem, increased popularity, increased sense

of personal control, and enhanced identity development.
2. Better development of such life skills as leadership and
speaking in public, decision-making, and increased
dependability and job responsibility
3. Greater communications in the family
4. Fewer psychosocial problems, such as loneliness, shyness,
and hopelessness
5. Decreased involvement in risky behaviors such as drug use,
and decreased juvenile delinquency
6. Increased academic achievement; and
7. Increased safety (youth feel safe at home, in school, and in
their neighbourhood).
Scales and Leffert (1999)
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8 programmes features that promote Matapelajaran Pengajian
positive youth development Umum (MPU) Subject

1.Physical and psychological safety;

2. Appropriate structure

3. Supportive relationships;

4. Opportunities to belong

5. Positive social norms

6. Support for efficacy and mattering;

7. Opportunities for skill building

8. Integration of family, school, and community

efforts.

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National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2002)
 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

AREA OF
DEVELOPMENT
 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
• The five developmental areas identified are:

WORKING

LEADING LEARNING

CONNECTING THRIVING

(Ferber, Pittman, & Marshall, 2002). 10

 1. Working
Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

• Characterized by positive attitudes, skills, and

behaviors around vocational direction
(Ferber, Pittman, & Marshall, 2002).

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Working-
outcomes
1. Meaningful engagement in one’s
own career development and
process
3. Awareness of options for future
employment, careers,
and professional development
Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
2. Demonstrate skills in work
readiness
4. Completion of educational
requirements or involvement in
training that culminates in a specific
vocation or opportunity for career
advancement
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 Wo rk in g- Prog ra m
Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
a cti vities

• Program activities that would support development in the area of

working include the following:

1.Career exploration activities e.g: including career interest assessments, job shadowing, job and career fairs, and
workplace visits and tours;

2. Career-related goal setting and planning

3. Internships

4.Work experience

5. Information on entrepreneurship

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

6. Networking activities

7. Mock interviews

8. Work readiness workshops

9. Visits from representatives of specific industries to speak to youth participants about employment opportunities

10. Mock job searches, including locating positions online and in the newspaper, preparing resumes, and writing cover letters etc.

11. Visits to education or training programmes

12. Job coaching or mentoring.

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
2. Learning
Umum (MPU) Subject

• Characterized by a positive basic and applied

academic attitudes, skills, and behaviours

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 2. Le ar ni ng - Ou tco me s i n tra diti on a l
ed u ca tio n se ttin g

Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject

• Outcomes include the following:

Basic aptitude in math and reading;

Rational problem- solving skills

Ability to think critically toward a positive outcome;

Rational problem- solving skills

Ability to think critically moving toward a positive outcome

Logical reasoning based on personal knowledge

Ability to determine one’s own skills and areas of academic weakness or need for further education and training

Sense of creativity; and

•Appreciation and the foundation for lifelong learning, including a desire for further training and education, the knowledge
of needed resources for that training, and willingness to participate in additional planning.
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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
2. Learning-
Program
Activities

Initial and ongoing skills assessment, both formal and informal

Initial and ongoing career and vocational assessment, both formal and informal

Identification of one’s learning styles, strengths, and challenges

Creation of a personal development plan

Contextualized learning activities such as service learning projects in which youth apply academic skills to community needs

Monitoring of and accountability for own grades and creation of a continuous improvement plan based on grades and goals

Showcase of work highlighting a youth’s learning experience — an essay, painting

Development of a formal learning plan that includes long- and short-term goals and action steps

Group problem-solving activities; Preparation classes for exam; Peer tutoring activities that enhance the skills of the tutor and the student

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 3. Thriving
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Umum (MPU) Subject

• Characterized by:
• Attitudes
• Skills
• Behaviors by maintaining optimal physical and
emotional well being.

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
3. Thriv ing-
Outc omes
Umum (MPU) Subject

• Outcomes for this area of development range

from obvious to obscure.
• In addition, each youth will have different
physical and emotional abilities and needs.
• Therefore youths must develop knowledge on
their own.

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
3. Thriving-
Outcomes

• The positive outcomes are:

1. Understanding of growth
and development as both an
objective and a personal
indicator of physical and
emotional maturation;
2. Knowledge and 3. Developmentally
appropriate exercise (will
practice of good vary depending on a
nutrition and youth’s age, maturity, and
hygiene range of physical abilities)

4. Ability to identify 5. Ability to assess 6. Ability to identify

situations of safety situations and and avoid unduly
and uphold those environments risky conditions and
standards in daily life independently activities; and

7. Ability to learn
from adverse
situations and avoid
them in the future
Note: 1-3 are core physical and emotion competencies, 4-7 are environmental
conditions. 20
 Matapelajaran Pengajian
3. Thriv ing-
Outc omes
Umum (MPU) Subject

• Each youth should be able to demonstrate

confidence and a sense of self-worth as he or
she achieves the outcomes that increase the
ability to preserve his or her own optimum
physical and emotional welfare.
• To help youth achieve all these outcomes, youth
programs (e.g youth leadership programmes)
may want to consider the following programme
activities:

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
3 . Thr iv in g- thr ou gh
Yo uth p ro g ra m

Umum (MPU) Subject

Workshops on benefits and consequences of various health, hygiene, and human

development issues, including physical, sexual, and emotional development;

Role playing activities that hypothesise adverse situations and how to resolve them;

Personal and peer counselling;

Training in conflict management and resolution concerning family, peer, and workplace
relationships;

Community mapping to create a directory of resources related to physical and mental health, such
as health and counseling centers, parks with accessible paths for running and walking, etc.;

Social activities that offer opportunities to practice skills in communication, negotiation,

and personal presentation;

Sports and recreational activities;

Training in life skills such as how to manage money, find transportation, etc. 22
 4. Connecting

• Refers to the development of positive social

behaviors, skills, and attitudes .
• Relationships with elders, peers, supervisors,
family, and other community members
commonly influence these behaviors, skills,
and attitudes.
• The level to which a young person has
developed and maintained in this area will also
dictate how he or she continues to build varied
relationships later on in life.

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 Connecting-
Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
outcomes

Interpersonal skills, such as Sense of belonging and

the ability to build trust,
Quality relationships
handle conflict, value
with adults and peers; differences, listen actively,
and communicate effectively;
membership, (e.g. valuing
and being valued by
others and being a part of
a group or greater whole);

Knowledge of and
Sense of one’s own
Ability to empathize ability to seek out
identity apart from and
with others; resources in the
in relation to others;
community; and

Ability to network in
order to develop
personal and
professional
relationships.

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 C on ne ctin g- Pr og ra m
Matapelajaran Pengajian Umum
(MPU) Subject
Activi ties

1.Mentoring activities that connect youth to adult mentors to provide guidance and support and
build interpersonal skills that are needed to relate to older people and those in roles of authority;

2. Tutoring activities that engage youths as tutors or in being tutored, since both types of tutoring activities
advance a young person’s ability to work on group projects, communicate with others, teach, and learn;

3. Research activities in which youth identify resources within the community through activities that allow them to practice
conversation and investigation skills with those individuals who they do not know very well;

4. Letter writing (email) to friends, family members to build language and communication
skills and encourage connecting to others;

5. Attendance at job and trade fairs to begin building a network of contacts in particular
career fields of interest;

6. Role-playing of interview and other workplace scenarios;

7. Positive peer and group activities that build, teamwork, and belonging, such as
teambuilding exercises, etc that signifies group affiliation etc

8. Cultural activities that promote understanding and tolerance.

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
C on ne ctin g a n d y ou th
le a de rs h ip

• Connecting is an important area of development

for youth leadership.
• Youth leadership programmes emphasize this
area by focusing on building skills that further
connect youth to the larger world.
• For instance, whereas a youth development
programmes will work on interpersonal skills, a
youth leadership programmes might take another
step and focus on helping youth gain specific
interpersonal skills as they concern the
development of leadership abilities.
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 C o nn ec tin g thr o ug h
y ou th s lea de rs h ip
p ro g ramme s
Matapelajaran Pengajian Umum
(MPU) Subject

Focus on helping youths Activities that could enhance

gain specific interpersonal the connecting area of
skills as they concern the development in the context
development of leadership of leadership development
abilities include the following:
●
Ability to communicate to get a ●
Workshops in public speaking;
point across; ●
Research on historical or
●
Ability to influence others;
current leaders;
●
Ability to motivate others; ●
Contact with local leaders; and
●
Ability to seek out role models ●
Strategic planning to change
who have been leaders; and
something in the community or
●
Ability to be a role model for
within the youth program.
others.

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 Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
5.
Leading

• Definition: positive skills, attitudes, and

behaviors around civic involvement and
personal goal setting

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 5. Leading-
Matapelajaran Pengajian Umum
(MPU) Subject
outcomes

Outcomes for the area of leading include the following:

Awareness of how one’s Ability to engage in the
Ability to articulate one’s
personal actions impact community in a positive
personal values;
the larger communities; manner;

Respect and caring for Sense of responsibility to

Integrity;
oneself and others; self and others;

Awareness of and
appreciation for cultural
High expectations for self Sense of purpose in goals
differences among peers
and community; and activities;
and within the larger
community;

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 5. Leading- Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
Activities

Development of a personal plan with goals, action steps, and deadlines;

Resource-mapping activities in which youth take the lead in planning and carrying out a search of
community resources for youth;
Voter registration and voting in local, state, and federal elections;

Participation in town hall meetings;

Community volunteerism such as organizing a park clean-up or building a playground;

Participation in a debate on an issue;

Opportunities to meet with local and state officials and legislators;

Participation in a youth advisory committee within the program, university, or community;

Learning activities or courses about leadership principles and styles;

Participation in group activities that promote collaboration and team work;

Mentoring relationships with positive role models;

Opportunities to serve in leadership roles such as club officer, board member, team captain, or coach

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 5. Leading-youth Matapelajaran Pengajian
Umum (MPU) Subject
leadership
outcomes

Outcomes of youth leadership programmes are include the following:

Ability to share
Ability to Ability to work
power and
motivate others; with a team;
distribute tasks;

Ability to create Ability to manage

Ability to resolve and change and
conflicts; communicate a value continuous
vision; and improvement.

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 5. Leading-youth
leadership
outcomes

To encourage the development of these outcomes,

youth leadership programs may choose to provide the following activities:

Mediation or
conflict Training in team
resolution dynamics; and
training;

Training in
project
management.

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 Conclusion
Youth development is a process which prepares young people
to meet the challenges of adolescence and adulthood
through a coordinated, progressive series of activities and
experiences which help them to become socially, morally,
emotionally, physically, and cognitively competent.
• Youth leadership is the ability to guide or direct others on a
course of action, influence the opinion and behavior of other
people, and show the way by going in advance and ability to
analyze one's own strengths and weaknesses, set personal
and vocational goals, and have the self-esteem to carry them
out.
• Five areas of development are working, learning, thriving,
connecting and leading.
• Leadership qualities in youth can be developed through
various coordinated and outcome - based activities. 33
 REFERENCES
1. Cohen, D. H., Stern, V., Balaban, N., and
Gropper, N. Observing and recording the
behaviour of young children. New York. NY:
Teachers’ College Press, Teachers College,
Columbia University. 2015
2. Youth Development & Youth Leadership. A
Background Paper. Edelman, Andrea; Gill,
Patricia; Comerford, Katey; Larson, Mindy; Hare,
Rebecca. 2004.
3. Kaveri Subramaniam, David Shamel, (2011)
Digital Youth: The Role Of Media In
Development, New York: Spronger-Verlag. 2011.
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