COMMUNICATION

AND
NETWORKS
Computer communication

Is the process of
sharing data,
programs and
information
between two or
more computers.
Connectivity

Using computer networks to link

people and resources.
Wireless revolution
Allows
individuals to
stay connected
with one
another from
almost
anywhere at
anytime.
 WHAT’S THE
REVOLUTION?
Communication system

Are electronic system that transmit

data from one location to another
 BASIC ELEMENTS
1. Sending and receiving devices
originate (send) as well as accept (receive)
messages in the form of data, information
and/or instruction.
2. Connection devices
act as an interface;
convert outgoing messages into packets;
reverse the process of incoming messages
3. Data transmission
rules and procedures that coordinate the
sending and receiving devices by defining how
the message will be sent across the
communication channel.
4. Communication channel
the actual connecting or transmission medium
that carries the message;
can be a physical wire or wireless.
COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS
Physical connection
Use a solid
medium to
connect
sending and
receiving
devices.
a. Twisted-pair cable
• Consist of
pairs of copper
wire that are
twisted
together
• Used in
standard
telephone lines
and ethernet
cable.
 b. Coaxial cable
• High frequency
transmission cable
with a single solid-
copper core.
• 80 times more
than the
transmission of
twisted pair.
• Deliver television
signals
 c. Fiber-optic cable
• Transmit data as
pulses of light
through tiny tube of
glass.
• 26,000 times the
transmission
capacity of twisted-
pair.
• Lighter, faster and
more reliable in
transmitting data.
 WIRELESS
CONNECTION
• Doesn’t use solid substance to connect
sending and receiving devices. Rather
they move data through air.
• Bluetooth - Short-range communication
standard that transmits over a short
distances of up to approximately 33 feet.

• Wifi (Wireless Fidelity) – Uses high

frequency radio signals to transmit data.
• Microwave – Uses high frequency radio
waves. It sometimes referred to as line-of-
sight communication.

WiMax- Is a new standard that extends the

range of Wi-fi networks using microwave
connections.
• LTE(Long Term Evolution)- LTE and
WiMax Connections provide similar
performance.
• Satellite- They can amplify and relay
microwaves signals from one transmitter
to the ground to another.
• Infrared -uses infrared light waves to
communicate over short distances.
CONNECTION DEVICES
• Modem – short for modulator and
demodulator. It allows microcomputers to
communicate including telephone wires,
cable lines, and radio waves.

• 4 types of modems are Telephone modem,

DSL, Cable modem, Wireless modem
• Telephone modem- use to connect a
computer directly to a telephone line.
These can be either internal or external.
• DSL( digital subscriber line ) Modem uses
standard phone lines to create a high
speed connection directly to your phone
company offices.
• Cable modem – uses coaxial cable as
your television. Like DSL modem a cable
modem creates high-speed connections
USB port.
• Wireless modem – Also known as WWAN
(Wireless wide arena network) It is usually
plug in USB devices that provide very
portable high speed connectivity.
 Data
Transmission
 Data Transmission

• Refers to the movement of

data in form of bits between
two or more digital devices.
 Data
Transmission

Parallel Serial

Synchron Asynchro
ous nous
Parallel Transmission
• In parallel transmission, all the bits of data are
transmitted simultaneously on separate
communication lines.
• In order to transmit n bits, n wires or lines are
used. Thus each bit has its own line.
• All n bits of one group are transmitted with each
clock pulse from one device to another i.e. multiple
bits are sent with each clock pulse.
• Parallel transmission is used for short distance
communication.
•  As shown in the figure, eight separate wires are
used to transmit 8 bit data from sender to receiver.
Serial Transmission
• In serial transmission, the various bits of
data are transmitted serially one after the other.
• It requires only one communication line
rather than n lines to transmit data from
sender to receiver.
• In serial transmission, only single bit is sent
with each clock pulse.
• Serial transmission is used for long distance
communication.
• The internal circuitry of computer transmits data in
parallel fashion. So in order to change this parallel
data into serial data, conversion devices are used.
• These conversion devices convert the parallel data
into serial data at the sender side so that it can be
transmitted over single line.
Asynchronous Transmission

• Asynchronous transmission sends only one

character at a time where a character is either a
letter of the alphabet or number or control
character i.e. it sends one byte of data at a time.
• Bit synchronization between two devices is
made possible using start bit and stop bit.
Asynchronous Transmission

• Asynchronous transmission is best suited to

Internet traffic in which information is
transmitted in short bursts. This type of
transmission is used by modems.
Synchronous Transmission

• Synchronous transmission does not use start and

stop bits.
• In this method bit stream is combined into longer
frames that may contain multiple bytes.
• There is no gap between the various bytes in the
data stream.
Comparison
Data Transmission
Several factors affect how data is
transmitted. These factors include:

• Bandwidth
• Protocols
Bandwidth
• A measurement of the width or
capacity of the communication
channel.
• Four types of bandwidth:
» Voiceband
» Medium band
» Broadband
» Baseband
Voiceband

• Also known as low bandwidth,

is used for standard telephone
communication.
• Microcomputers with telephone
modems and dial-up service use
this bandwidth.
Medium Band
• Used in special leased lines to
connect midrange computers and
mainframes as well as to transmit
data over long distances. This
bandwidth is capable of very high
speed data transfer.
Broadband
• Is widely used for DSL, cable and
satellite connections to the Internet.
Several users can simultaneously
use a single broadband connection
for high-speed data transfer.
Baseband
• Is widely used to connect individual
computers that are located close to
one another. Like broadband, it is
able to support high-speed
transmission. Unlike broadband,
however, baseband can only carry a
single signal at one time.
Protocols
• For data transmission to be
successful, sending and receiving
devices must follow a set of
communication rules for the
exchange of information. These
rules for exchanging data between
computers are known as protocols.
Protocols
• As discussed before, http or hypertext
transfer protocol is a widely used
protocol for web traffic.
• Another protocol, https or hypertext
transfer protocol secure is widely used
to protect the transfer of sensitive
information.
• TCP/IP (transmission protocol) is also a
widely used protocol .
TCP/IP
• This protocol has two features:
»Identifying sending and
receiving devices
»Breaking information into
small parts for transmission
across the Internet
 NETWORK
AND
NETWORK TYPES
What is computer network?

• A network consist of two or

more computing devices that
are interconnected.
Via:

Communication
devices:
• Cables
• Telephone lines
Transmission Media:
• Radio waves
• Satellites
• Infrared light beams
 Purpose of computer
network?

COMMUNICATION
-a process in which two
or more computing
devices transfers data,
instructions and
information.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS

• Node- any device connected to a network. (e.g. Computers,

printers, scanners.
• Client- a node that uses other nodes that is connected to a
network. Typically, it is the user’s microcomputer.
• Server- a node that shares resources with other nodes. They
could be
1. Communication server
2. Database server
3. File server
4. Printer server
5. Web server
• Directory server- a specialized server that manages user accounts,
for an entire network.

• Host- any computer system that can be accessed over a network.

• Router- a node that forwards or routes the data flow from one
network to another.

• Switch- the central nodes or a.k.a “Hub”. Acts as the sender and
receiver to all connected nodes.

• Network Interface Cards (NIC)- a card in the system unit that

connects computers to a network.

• Network Operating System (NOS)- control and coordinate all

activities of all computing devices in a network.

• Network Administration- responsible for efficient network

operations and implementations of new networks.
Types of networks
 Based on Geography

• LAN
• WLAN
• PAN
• MAN
• CAN
 LAN
(LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

Networks with nodes that

are in close to physical
proximity area or in a
limited or small
geographical area.
• Homes
• Libraries
• Schools
• Office buildings
• Internet Café
• COE Computer
Laboratory
 WLAN
(Wireless local area network)

It uses Radio frequency

to connect computers
and other devices and
form a network.
 PAN
(PERSONAL AREA
NETWORK)

A type of wireless
network that works
within your immediate
area or surroundings.

Most popular PAN

technology is
“Bluetooth”
 WAN
(WIDE AREA NETWORK)

•Covers large
geographical area
such as a Country
and the World
•This network
provide access to
regional service
providers.
•It uses Satellites,
Telephone lines
and Radio Wave.
“INTERNET” is
the largest WAN.
 MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)

•A high speed network

that covers a large
metropolitan area such
as a City or Town.
•Typically, it includes
one or more LAN but
covers smaller
geographic area than a
WAN.
•This network is owned
by a group of
organizations.
 CAN
(CAMPUS AREA
NETWORK)

•A type of network made

up of interconnection of
LAN with limited
geographical area.

•Network equipment
such as switches,
routers and etc. are
owned by the campus
owner.
 DIFFERENTIATION:
TYPE OF NETWORKS DESCRIPTION

LAN- LOCAL AREA NETWORK Located within close proximity

WLAN- WIRELESS LOCAL AREA All communication passes through

NETWORK access point

PAN- PERSONAL AREA NETWORK Connects digital devices

WAN- WIDE AREA NETWORK For Country and the World.

MAN- METROPOLITAN AREA For Cities or Towns; owned by Group of

NETWORK organizations

CAN- CAMPUS AREA NETWORK For Universities or Campuses;

equipment are owned by the Campus
owner.
 Importance/advantages of
computer networks:

 Sharing of devices (printer & scanners)

 Sharing of software or programs
 Sharing of files
 Sharing of data
 Sharing of information
 Sharing of single high-speed internet
connection
 Electronic mail and Improve security
 Flexible access and increase in speed
Disadvantages of computer networks

 High cost of installation

 Requires time for administration
 Failure of servers
 Cable faults
The ability of Networks to be interconnected
or joined together to form large Networks has
resulted to the largest Network, known as

“INTERNET”
Network Architecture
 Network Topologies
 Bus
 Ring
 Star
 Tree
 Mesh
Bus
Each device is connected to a common
cable called a bus (a multipoint topology)

*Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire

-prevent signal bounce
Advantages of Bus Topology

 Easy installation
 Less cabling
 Less expensive
 Disadvantages of
Bus Topology

× Any fault in backbone can stop all

transmission.
× Collision may occur
× It is difficult to troubleshoot
Ring
Each node is connected to the two
nearest nodes; entire network forming a
ring
token passing
– Each workstation transmits data
Advantages of Ring Topology

 Easier to manage
 Very orderly network
 Short cable length
 Disadvantages of
Ring Topology

× Unidirectional traffic
×  Break in a single ring can break entire
network.
Star
Every device is connected directly to a
central network switch
*a central controller, called hub
Advantages of Star Topology

 Less expensive
 Robustness
 Scalable
 Disadvantages of
Star Topology

× Central node dependency

× Cabling is required in a star
× Installation costs are high
Tree
Each device is connected to a central
node

 A combination of two or more star

networks connected together

A  bus network of star networks(star bus

topology)
 Advantages

 Easier fault identification and isolation

 It is scalable
 Disadvantages

× It is more expensive due to cabling

× Hub dependency
× Network maintenance may be difficult
Mesh
Each node is connected to more than one
node

 Every device has a dedicated point to

point link to every other device
Full Mesh
Typology (greater
redundancy)

Partial Mesh
Typology (lesser
redundancy
 Advantages

 They use dedicated links

 It is robust
 It gives privacy and security
 Disadvantages

× It is more expensive due to use of more

cables.
× Large space is required to run the cables
Network Strategies
Client/Server Networks
Peer-to-peer network
Client/Server
Networks

server:
always-on fixed/known IP
address serves many
clients at same time

clients:
-communicate with server client/server
only may be intermittently
connected may have
dynamic IP addresses do
not communicate directly
with each other

Examples: Google,
Amazon, MySpace,
YouTube, Instagram
Peer-to-
peer(P2P)
network

no always-on server

(central)
arbitrary end systems
directly communicate
peers are intermittently
connected and change
IP addresses

Example: BitTorrent

Pros and cons:

scalable and distributive
difficult to manage
not secure
Organizational
Networks
 Intranets
• Private network within an organization
 Co-worker
Co-worker

Organization Public

JOHN Co-worker
(ENGINEER)
customers

organization

suppliers
NETWORK SECURITY
• Firewall

• Intrusion Detection System(IDS)

• Virtual Private Networks(VPN)

Firewall- designed to keep threats & unauthorized
visitors from accessing a private network
 Three basic types:
• Packet Filters

• Stateful Inspection

• Proxys
 Intrusion Detection System(IDS) -a
network security technology originally built for detecting vulnerability exploits
against a target application or computer.
Virtual Private Networks(VPN) - technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. 
 Two types of VPN:
• Remote VPN

• Site-to-site VPN
i. Intranet based

ii. Extranet based

Remote VPN
 Site-to-site VPN
Intranet based VPN
Extranet based VPN

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