Cont.

 ‘DISASTER’ alphabetically means:

 D – Destructions
 I – Incidents
 S – Sufferings
 A - Administrative, Financial Failures.
 S – Sentiments
 T – Tragedies
 E - Eruption of Communicable diseases.
 R - Research programme and its implementation. 2
 Disaster
Definition:
 A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause
damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services.
 Disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short
or long period of time that causes widespread human,
material, economic or environmental loss which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.
 Types of Disaster

Disasters are frequently divided into two broad

categories:
1.Natural disasters: (caused by environmental or
natural forces)
2.Human/ man-made disasters: (caused by people).

4
 Natural Disasters
 Examples: include earthquakes; tornadoes,
hurricanes, other storms; volcanoes; wildfires or
other fires; land or mud slides; tsunamis;
droughts; and heat waves.

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 Natural Disaster

Hurricanes Tornados Floods

Earth quacks Snowstorms Volcanic eruption

Human/ Man-Made Disasters
(caused by people).
Examples: include chemical spills or explosions,
nuclear or radiologic disasters, acts of conflict or war,
and terrorist acts.
In addition, man-made disasters can be accidental or
unintentional, or deliberate or purposive.

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 Man Made Disaster

Conventional Warfare Explosions Pollution

Transportation accidents Terrorist attacks

 Phases of Disaster
 There are mainly three phases of disaster:
1. Pre-impact Phase:
 It is the initial phase of disaster.
 Prior to the actual occurrence a warning is
given at the sign of the first possible danger to
the community.
 Impact Phase
 It occurs when the disaster actually happens.
 It is the time of enduring hardships or injury and of
trying to survive.
 This is the time when the individuals help neighbors
and families at the scene a time of ‘holding on’ until
help arrives.
 This phase may last for several minutes e.g. (after an
earthquake, plane crash, or explosion) or for several
days or weeks (e.g. in a flood, famine or an
epidemic). 10
 Post Impact Phase
 Recovery begins during the emergency phase
and ends with both the return of normal
community order and functioning.
 This phase can event last for life time e.g.
victims of atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

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 Disaster Management
 Disaster Management can be defined as the
organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian
aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness
,response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters

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 Phases of Disaster Management
Phase 1: Mitigation
To prevent future emergencies
and take steps to minimize their
effects
The “mitigation” phase
occurs before a disaster takes
place.
Phase 2: Preparedness
To take actions ahead of time to
be ready for an emergency.
The “preparedness” phase also
occurs before a disaster takes
place.
Phase 3: Response
To protect people and property in
the wake of an emergency, disaster
or crisis.
The “response” phase occurs in
the immediate aftermath of a
disaster.
Phase 4: Recovery
To rebuild after a disaster in an
effort to return operations back to
normal
The “recovery” phase takes
place after a disaster. 13
Community Based Disaster Management
(CBDM)
 CBDM is an approach of building the capacity of
communities to assess their vulnerability to both
human induced and natural hazards.
 Develop strategies and resources necessary to
prevent and/or mitigate the impact of identified
hazards as well as respond, rehabilitate, and
reconstruct following its onset.

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 Why CBDM Important
 To minimize the damages caused by disasters, various
efforts have been taken by government, international
communities including donor agencies.
 It has been observed that many of the disaster
management programs have failed to be sustainable at
local level after the completion of the project.

15
 Cont.
 A critical element of sustainable disaster
management is communities’ participation in
these activities.
 The most common elements of community
involvement are:
 Partnership
 Participation
 Empowerment
 Ownership by the local people
16
 Components of CBDM
A communication model
Community Preparedness Programs
Developing Partnerships and Connecting
with the Public
Community Disaster Resilience Programs
Community Disaster Response Team
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 A communication model

 First, the locals must be aware of their risk.

 Second, they must understand the impacts an
event may have on their family and community.
 Third, they must accept the idea that not following
a warning message can result in injury or death.
 Finally, they must take action and heed the
warning to evacuate.
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Community Preparedness Program

 Community preparedness can be thought of as the

advance capacity of a community to respond to
the consequences of an adverse event by having
plans in place so that people know what to do and
where to go if a warning is issued or a hazard is
observed.

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Developing Partnerships and Connecting
with the Public (Media Partnership)

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Community Disaster Resilience Programs

 An emerging approach to public health emergency

preparedness and response, community resilience
encompasses individual preparedness as well as
establishing a supportive social context in
communities to withstand and recover from disaster.

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Red Crescent brings safe Volunteers worked with
water to families displaced emergency services in both
by flooding in Bangladesh rescue and relief.
 Cont.
 Start from the disaster prevention in the community
setting.
 These are activities designed to provide permanent
protection from disasters.
 Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be
prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury can be
mitigated with:
1. Good evacuation plans
2. Environmental planning and design standards.
 It offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical
means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable
communities. 23
 Cont.
Community disaster planning:
Develop a disaster plan to prevent or deal with
identified disaster threats
Identify local community communication system
Identify disaster personnel, including private and
professional volunteers, local emergency personnel,
agencies and resources.
Identify regional back up agencies and personnel
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 Cont.
Identify specific responsibilities for various personnel
involved in the disaster plans
Set up an emergency medical system and chain for
activation.
Identify location and accessibility of equipment and
supplies
Check proper functioning of emergency equipments
Identify outdated supplies and replenish for
appropriate use. 19
 Cont.
Implement disaster plans:
 Focus on primary prevention activities to prevent
occurrence of manmade disasters
Practice community disaster plans with all personnel
carrying out their previously identified responsibilities
(e.g. emergency triage , providing supplies such as food,
water, medicine, crises and grief counseling).
Practice using equipment; obtaining and distributing
supplies.
Coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the
impact of a disaster and its long-term results. 26
 Cont.
 Repairing vital services such as telecommunications and
transport, providing temporary shelter and emergency
health care.
 Critically evaluate all aspects of disaster plans and
practice drills for speed, effectiveness, gaps and
revisions.
 Evaluate effectiveness of disaster plan
 Evaluate the disaster impact on community and
surrounding regions
 Evaluate the response of personnel involved in disaster
relief efforts. 21
Roles of Community Health Nurses in
Disaster Management

 Participation in risk assessment.

 Participation in disaster planning.
 Participation in disaster response.
 Participation in disaster recovery.
 Participation in evaluation of disaster response.

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 The Role of Community Health of
Pakistan in Disaster Management
Assess the community for:
The local climate conducive for disaster occurrence
Past history of disasters in the community
Available community disaster plans and resources.
Personnel available in the community for the disaster
plans and management.
Local agencies and organizations involved in the
disaster management activities, availability of health care
facilities in the community etc. 29
 Cont.
Diagnose community disaster threats
Determine the actual and potential disaster
threats (e.g.; explosions, mass accidents,
tornados, floods, earthquakes etc).

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