Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEDICATION
MEDICATION
WHAT IS MEAN
MEDICATION?
PURPOSES
To diagnose the disease.
To treat/cure the disease.
Drugs used to cure specific disease.
Drugs used to supply a substance which is
deficient in the body.
Drugs used to help restore normal function.
Drugs which is given for palliative effect.
To prevent the disease.
PRINCIPLES
OF
MEDICATION
1.Name of the drug(drug
nomenclature)
CHEMICAL NAME
GENERIC NAME
OFFICIAL NAME
TRADE NAME
CHEMICAL NAME
• It is the name by which a drug
known to the chemist, usually it
indicate the ingredients of the
drug.
• EX: ibuprofen 2-4 (iso butyl
phenyl) propionic acid.
GENERIC NAME
• It is the name assigned by the
manufacturer that first develops
the drugs. Each drug has only
one generic name, which is
simple than chemical name.
• EX: Morphine sulphate.
OFFICIAL NAME
• It is the name by which the drug
is identified in the official
publications.
• This name assigned by the FDA
after approval of a drug & is
often the same as the generic
name.
TRADE NAME
• It is the registered name
assigned by the manufacturer &
is copy righted [marked with
circled R] R C
• EX: Paracetamol (Chemical
Name)
Trade Name - Crocin,
Calpol, Ifimol, Metacin.
DRUG TYPES
&
FORMS
1.CAPSULE
Powder or gel form of drug encased in
a hard or soft outer casing that
dissolves in the stomach.
2.ELIXIR
Medication in a clear liquid
containing water, alcohol, sweetness
& flavor.
3.ENTRIC COATED
Tablet coated with a substance that
blocks absorption of drug, until it
reaches the small intestine, to
prevent stomach irritation.
4.LINIMENT
Medication mixed with alcohol, oil or
soap which is rubbed on the skin.
5.LOTION
Drugs in liquid suspension
intended for external use.
6.LOZENGE
Small oval, round or oblong preparation
containing a drug in a flavored or
sweetened base, which dissolved in a
mouth & release the medication. This
helps to relieve the tickling sensation at
the back of the throat & stops a cough.
7.OINTMENT
Semisolid preparation containing a
drug to be applied externally.
8.PILL
Mixture of a powdered drug with
cohesive material, may be round or
oval.
9.POWDER
Single or mixture of finely ground
drugs.
10.SOLUTION
Liquid preparation containing one or
more substances completely
dissolved in a solvent OR A drug
dissolved in a another solution.
11.SUPPOSITORY
An easily melted medication
preparation in a firm base such as
gelatin that is inserted into the
body(Rectum, Vagina, Urethra).
12.SUSPENSION
Undissolved particles or powder
placed in a liquid that must be
shaken vigorously before use.
13.SYRUP
Medication combined in a water &
sugar solution.
14.TABLET
Solid drug that is compressed or
molded into a particular shape, may
be any color, size & shape.
15.TRANSDERMAL PATCH
Medication contained within semi
permeable membrane, patch which
allows medication to be absorbed
through skin slowly over long
periods.
Drug classifications
1.ANALGESIC.
2.ANAESTHETIC
3.ANTEHELMINTICS
4.ANTIPYRETICS
5.ANTIDOTE
6.ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
7.ANTICOAGULANT
8.ANTI-HISTAMINE
9.ANTACIDS
10.ANTICONVULSANTS
11.ANTIBIOTICS
12.ANTI-DIARRHOEALS
13.ANTISEPTIC
14.ANTI-FUNGAL
15.ANTISPASMODIC
16.ANTIEMETIC
17.BRONCHODILATOR
18.COAGULANT
19.CORTICO-STERIODS
20.DIURETICS
21.DIGESTANT
22.EXPECTORANT
23.ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
24.ANTIDIABETIC
25.MUSCLE RELAXANT
26.NASAL DECONGESTANT
27.NARCOTICS
28.SEDATIVES
29.VASODILATORS
SOURCES
OF
INFORMATION ABOUT
MEDICATION
1. PRINTED MATERIALS
2. PEOPLE
3. COMPUTER BASED
RESOURCES
PRINCIPLES
OR
MECHANISM OF
DRUG ACTION
PHARMACOKINETICS
DEFINITION
It is effect of the body on the drug. It
is the movement of drug molecules in
the body in relation to the,
1.Drug’s Action
2.Distribution
3.Metabolism
4.Excretion
1.ABSORPTION
It is the process by which a drug is
transferred from its site of entry into the
body, to the bloodstream.
It is influenced by many factors,
Route of administration
Lipid solubility
PH
Blood flow
Site of administration
Drug dosage
2.DISTRIBUTION
DRUG ACTION
FACTORS
Developmental considerations
Weight
Cultural & genetic factors
Gender
Psychological factor
Pathology
Environment
Timing of administration.
1.Developmental
considerations
Consider the developmental age while
administering the drug.
Child
Old age
Pregnancy period.
2.weight
Expected responses to drugs are based
largely on the reactions that occur
when the drugs are given to healthy
adults.
3.Cultural & genetic
factors
Religious restrictions, beliefs or cultural
practices may affect patient acceptance to
drug therapies.
EX: Christian scientist having faith in
spiritual healing.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY: It is the study of
the effect of ethnicity on responses to
prescribed medication, especially drug
absorption, metabolism, distribution &
excretion.
Cont….
PHARMACOGENETICS: It is the study
of genetic variations in responses to
drugs.
Differences in the responses of
patients receiving the same drug may
result from genetic differences.
EX: Lithium usual dose cause toxicity
in Japanese, Taiwanese, African
American.
4.Gender
The difference in the distribution
of body fat & fluids in men and
women is a minor factor
affecting the action of some
drugs.
5.Pychological factor
The patient expectations of the
medication may affect the response
to the medication.
PLACEBO: It is a pharmacologically
inactive drug.
6.Pathology
The presence of disease can affect
drug action.
EX: Liver diseases affect
metabolism.
Kidney diseases affect
excretion.
7.Environment
The patient environment may
influence their responses to drug.
Sensory perception & overload may
affect drug responses.
Nutritional state can also affect
body’s reaction to drug.
8.Timing of
administration
The presence of food in stomach can
delay the absorption of oral drug.
So, consider the timing while giving
drug.
Drug interactions
MEANING
Medication interaction mean when one
medication modifies the action of
another medication.
Interaction can result in 2 way,
1.synergistic effect.
2.antagonist effect.
Proper
medication
order
COMPONENTS
Client’s name
Identification or medical number
Medication’s name
Amount & dosage
Routes of administration
Signature of the health care provider
Date & time of the prescription
Use of abbreviations
TYPES OF ORDER
types
Standing order
PRN order
One time order or single order
Stat order
Telephone, verbal & fax order
Medication
supply system
SYSTEM
Stock supply
Unit dose
Computerized automated dispensing
system
Medication cart
Bar code enabled medication
administration(BCMA)
SAM system
1.STOCK SUPPLY
2.Unit dose
3.Computerizes automated dispensing
system
4.Medication cart
5.Bar code enabled medication
administration
Abbreviations used
regarding time of
administration
ABBREVIATO DERIVATION MEANING
N
a.c Ante cibum Before meals
p.c Post cibum After meals
a.m Ante Before noon
meridiem
p.m Post After noon
meridiem
alt.die Alternis Alternate days
diebus
o.m Omni mane Each morning
o.d Omni die Daily(once a day)
o.n Omni note Each night
h.s Hora somni At bedtime
ABBREVIATIO DERIVATION MEANING
N
c.m Cras mane Tomorrow morning
p.r.n Pro re nata When required
s.o.s Si opus sit If necessary in emergency
b.d (b.i.d) Bis in die Twice a ay
t.i.d (t.d.s) Ter in the die Three times a day
q.i.d Quater in die Four times a day
stat statim At once
Rep. repatatur Repeat
h hora hour
q quaque every
Abbreviations used
regarding
preparation of the
drug
abbreviation derivation meaning
Aq. aqua Water
Aq.dest Aqua destillata Distilled water
comp compositum Compound
dil dilutis Dilute
et Et. And
fl Fludium Fluid
inf Infusum Infusion
Empl Emplastrum Plaster
lin Linementum Liniment
liq Liquer Liquid
abbreviation derivation meaning
lot Lotio Lotion
mist Mistura Mixture
ol Oleum Oil
pil Pilula Pill
pulv Pulvis Powder
sp Spiritus Spirit
syr Syrupus Syrup
Tr (Tinct.) Tinctura Tincture
ung Unguentum Ointment
inj Injectio Injection
Abbreviations used
regarding the
amounts
abbreviation meaning
aa Of each
ad Up to
c with
cc Cubic centimeter
gr Grain
gtt A drop
m Minim
kg Kilogram
O A pint
mg or mgm Miligram
Rx Take thou
abbreviation meaning
dist Distilled
qt Quart
R or RR Per rectum
tab Tablet
tbsp, T Tablespoon
MEq Milliequivalent
dd lib As much as desired
Ss, fs half
cm centimetre
g, gm Gram
garg Gargle
abbreviation meaning
L Litre
gal Gallon
tsp Teaspoonful
dr Dram
D/C, dc Discontinue
DS Double strength
qs As much as needed sufficient
quantity
Sol or soln Solution
mcg, ug Microgram
tsp, t Teaspoon
no Number
Abbreviations used
regarding the
route
ABBREVIATION MEANING
AD Right ear
AS Left ear
AU Each ear
H Hypodermic
IM Intramuscular
INJ Injection
IV Intravenous
IVP Intravenous push
Rx Take, prescription
OD Right eye
abbreviation meaning
sc Subcutaneously
SQ subcutaneous
OS Left eye
OU Both eyes
p or P After, per
Per os, PO By both
EC Enteric coated
elix Elixer
ext External, extract
os Mouth
Abbreviations used
for hours of
administration
abbreviation meaning
Q4H Every 4 houes
Q6H Every 6 hours
TDS Thrice a day( 3 doses)
BD Twice a day( 2 doses)
OD Once a day( 1 dose)
HS At bed time
Q8H Every 8 hours( 3 doses)
Q12H Every 12 hours( 2 doses)
alt h Alternate hours
qh Every hour
d Day
ROUTES OF
ADMINISTRATION
ROUTES
1. ORAL ROUTE
2. PARENTERAL ROUTE
3. TOPICAL ROUTE
4. INHALATION ROUTE
5. INTRAOCULAR ROUTE
ORAL ROUTE
It is more common route and most
convenient route for all the patient.
Medications are given by mouth and
swallowed with fluid.
Oral medications have a slower onset of
action & prolonged effect than parenteral
route.
Main disadvantage is unpleasant taste &
irritate the gastric mucosa.
It may administered by many way.
1.SUBLINGUAL
Placing the medication under the tongue
to dissolve.
Patient should not take a drink until the
medication is completely dissolved.
2.BUCCAL
placing the solid medication in the mouth
against the mucous membranes of the
cheek until the medication dissolves.
PARENTERAL
ADMINISTRATION
Parenteral means giving of
therapeutic agents outside the
alimentary tract.( para-beside,
enterone-intestine).
It involves injecting a medication
into body tissues.
TYPES
Intradermal(ID): Injection into the
dermis just under the epidermis.
Subcutaneous(Sc): Injection into the
tissues just below the dermis of the
skin.
Intramuscular(IM): Injection into a
muscle.
Intravenous(IV): Injection into a vein.
PARENTERAL ROUTE
ADVANCED
TECHNIQUES
Epidural
Intrathecal
Intraosseous
Intraperitoneal
Intrapleural
intraarterial
1.Epidural
Medications are administered in the
epidural space via a catheter.
This is mainly for the administration of
analgesia post-operatively.
2.Intrathecal
Medications are administered
through a catheter that has been
placed into the subarachnoid
space or into one of the
ventricles of the brain.
3.INTRAOSSEOUS
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
PARENTERAL DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
SYRINGE
PARTS OF THE SYRINGE
TYPES OF SYRINGE
Hypodermic syringe
Insulin syringe
Tuberculin syringe
1.Hypodermic syringe
Two scales are marked, ie minim &
milliliter.
3-5ml sizes are available.
The milliliter scale is the one
normally used, minim scale is used
for small dosages.
10,20,50ml syringes not used
directly, can use for mixing.
2.Insulin syringe
It is similar to hypodermic
syringe, but scale is specially
designed for insulin.
This is only syringe that should
be used administration of
insulin.
3.Tuberculin syringe
It is designed to administration
of tuberculin solution.
It is narrow syringe, calibrated
in tenths & hundredths of a
mililitre(upto 1ml).
OTHER TYPES