Presented To:

Mr. Fahad Ali Rabbani

Presented By: Group 5
NAME ROLL No.
BILAL BUTT 2016-CH-258
MUJTABA IMTIAZ 2016-CH-262
SHAHZAIB FASIAL 2016-CH-284
YASIR GHUMAN 2016-CH-294
GOHAR ALI 2016-CH-300
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 COAL RESOURCES IN
PAKISTAN, ITS
EXTRACTION METHODS,
AVAILABILITY AND
USABILITY

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Contents
Introduction

Av a i l a b i l i t y

Usability

Extraction of Coal
Environmental
Impacts
Limitations and
Conclusion

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Introduction

Coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50 percent by weight of

carbonaceous material, formed from compaction and induration of variously
altered plant remains

Electricity play a vital role in the national growth and economic development of
any country. Presently, in Pakistan, only about half the population has access to
electricity.

Pakistan is a coal-rich country, but, unfortunately, coal has not been developed for
power generation for more than three decades due to lack of infrastructure,
insufficient financing and absence of modern coal mining technical expertise.

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Available resources of coal in
Pakistan

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Available resources of coal in Pakistan

Total Coal that can currently, or potentially may, be

resources: extracted economically
Measured Quantity of coal that has been determined to a
resources: high degree of geological assurance
Indicated Quantity of coal that has been determined to a
resources: moderate degree of geological assurance
Inferred Quantity of coal that has been determined with
resources: a low degree of geologic assurance
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TOTAL RESOURCES: 185.45 Billion
Tons

Reserves Billions of Tonnes

Measured 3.45
Indicated 12
Inferred 170

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Coal resources in Pakistan:
Billion tons
Coal in Pakistan
200 184.62
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20 0.24 0.22 0.09 0.01
0
Sindh Punjab Balochistan KPK Azad
Kashmir

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Coal Resources on the basis of Provinces:

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 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Coal Resources:

• The AJK coalfield is located near Kotli.

• The total coal resources of AJK are estimated at 9
million tons.
• The coal is classified as Sub-bituminous
• The heating value ranges from 7,336 to 12,338 Btu/lb.

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 Azad Jammu Kashmir Coal Resources:
Million Tonnes 8
Coal resources in AJK 7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 1
1
0 Meas... Indic... Infe...
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EXTRACTION OF COAL

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Extraction of Coal

Coal Mining is the extracting coal from the ground. Coal

is valued for its energy content

Since the 1880s, coal has been widely used to generate

electricity
Steel and cement industries, use coal as a fuel for
extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement
production

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Economical method of coal extraction
The most economical method of coal extraction from coal
seams depends on the following situations:

Depth of Quality of
Seams seams

Geological Environment
Factors al
Factors

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Mining of coal in past:

19 and 20th Century

12 Century A.D.

14th Century
In 1880 Coal
People mined cutting machine
coal by Picking People mined was invented.
and scraping underground In 1912, Surface
and used it for coal by picking mining was
heating, and shovels
cooking etc. conducted by
steam shovels

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 Geological
01 Conditions
Strength of
the material 02
Topography
03 (Especially in
altitude & slope)
Climate
Feasibility of Conditions 04
Coal Mining 05 Land
Ownership
Surface
Drainage 06
Availability system
07 of labor and
materials Coal
Purchaser 08
Requirement
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Current method of extraction of coal:
• There are two methods of extraction of coal that are currently used to
extract coal from mines:

Surface Mining

Deep or Underground Mining

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Underground
Surface Mining
mining

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Depth of coal Seams

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Sequence of Unit Operations involve in surface mining

•Clearing the •Drilling the •Removing •Loading the

land of trees hard strata the blasted loose coal onto
and vegetation. over the coal material, haulage
seam. exposing the conveyances.
•Removing coal seam
• Fragmenting •Transporting
and storing the •Fragmenting
or blasting the coal from the
top layers of the coal seam,
the hard mine to the plant
unconsolidated as required,
strata with
soil (topsoil) by drilling and
explosives
blasting.

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 Types of surface Mining
Contour
0 Mining
1
Area
Strip 0 03 Open Pit
Mining
Mining
2
Auger
Mining 0
4

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Contour Mining:

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 Area Strip Mining:
Removing earth above each coal seam.

This earth is referred to as overburden and is removed in long strips.

The overburden from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the
planned mining area.
Overburden from subsequent strips are deposited in the void left from
mining the coal and overburden from the previous strip.
After coal removal, a second cut is made parallel to the first one, and the
overburden material from this cut is placed in the void of the first cut.
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 Open Pit Mining

In thar desert of Pakistan, open-pit mining is being employed extensively

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Auger Mining

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Types of Underground mining
Room-and-
pillar
Longwall

Short wall

Thick-seam

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Room and pillar mining

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Long wall Mining

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Thick Seams Mining:

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Usability of Coal in Pakistan:

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Usability:

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Usability:

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Usability:

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Power Generation

Engro Thar Block I

Mine Mouth Coal
Power Plant

Engro Thar Block II

Coal Fired Power
Plant 36
Port Qasim Coal-Fired Power
Plant

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 Port Qasim Coal Fired Power Plant
Specifications Port Qasim Coal Fired Power
Plant
Location Port Qasim (Sindh Province)
Installed Capacity (MW) 1320
Estimated Cost (US $ Million) 1912.2
Executing Company Port Qasim Electric power Company
(Pvt) Ltd.
Status  1st Unit inaugurated in November
2017
 2nd Unit Commercial Operation
Date (COD) 25th April 2018
 Project completed 67 days ahead
of schedule 38
Sahiwal Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Sahiwal Coal-Fired Power Plant

Location: Sahiwal (Punjab province)

Installed capacity (MW): 1320 MW
Estimated Cost (US $ Million): 1912.2 $
Executing company: Huaneng Shandong Rui
Group (China)
Status:
Project completed in 28th Oct. 2017
Project has been connected to national grid
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Hub Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Hub Coal-Fired Power Plant

Location: Hub (Balochistan province)

Installed capacity (MW): 1320 MW

Estimated Cost (US $ Million): 1912.2 $
Executing company: China Power Hub Gen. (Pvt) Ltd.

Status:
Ground Breaking Ceremony held on 21st March 2017
Expected Commercial Operation Data (COD) 660 MW February
2019, 660MW August 2019
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 Environmental Impacts
(Environmental Impacts of Coal in Pakistan)

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Coal power plants have very negative impacts on the environment and
health. As of 2012, around 46 percent of Pakistan’s overall emissions came
from the energy sector, particularly from coal-fired power plants. Yet as
Pakistan doubles down on coal, around the globe, coal consumption fell by
almost 2 percent in 2016.

China, responsible for half of global coal consumption, reduced its coal
consumption by over 1.5 percent. In the United Kingdom, demand for coal
dropped by 52.5 percent.

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CPEC (Future Threats)
in February 2018 finds that
the 8342 Megawatts of
generation capacity expected
to be brought online under
the (CPEC) will increase
greenhouse gas emissions
substantially, undermining
climate change mitigation
efforts.
When coal makes it to Gwadar
or Karachi port then it has to
go by trucks or trains with
open bogeys which will easily
cause coal particles to
disperse in the atmosphere, to
Sahiwal, Punjab, where a 1320
MW coal-based project is
under work.
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• Although the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
issued a “No Objection Certificate
(NOC) but experts say keeping emissions low will not be
possible with coal power.
“No matter how effective and efficient of technology is
used, it would impact the environment because there will
be carbon emissions,”
Said: ‘Jahanzeb Murad,’

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 • Recent studies have showed
that coal stockpiles emit fine
particulate pollution in several
ways. Wind blowing over
uncovered coal piles results in
Health fugitive coal dust emissions
that are a source of (particles
Impacts with diameter less than 10
micrometers).
: • Experts have linked exposure
to fine particulate pollution to
increased deaths and ailments
caused by cardiovascular
diseases and respiratory
infections.

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Air pollutant:
• Burning coal produces emissions that can pollute the air. It also
produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. When coal is burned,
sulfur may also be released. Sulfur mixes with oxygen to form sulfur
dioxide, a chemical that can affect trees and water when it combines
with moisture to produce acid rain.

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 • The environmental impact will
include adding to Pakistan’s
water woes. Environmentalists
believe that Pakistan may run
out of water in 2025 if steps
are not taken to address the
water scarcity in the country.
• Along with animals and

Water humans, coal power plants will

also compete for [water in]
Thar and Gwadar. Thar District

Impacts: in Sindh and Gwadar in

Balochistan are well known for
their water scarcity. As coal
power plants need a lot of
water, in both districts, where
coal power plants will be
opened, it would increase the
demand for water.

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 In addition to all these environmental concerns, Coal power
plants are also not economical. The maximum age limit of a
coal power plant is 30 years; sometimes it also can complete
Economic its lifetime in 10 years. Once it finishes its tenure and
aspects: technology reaches its expiry date then it is no more of use.
One needs to install another plant.”

Recent Events: Hundreds of women, children from fishermen community of

(fisher-man Karachi on Sunday (17th March 2019) thronged into the
streets, marched against the environmental impacts of coal
March) power plants.

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• At Karachi Press Club, addressing the rally,
renowned river activist and Chairman,
Pakistan Fisher-Folk Forum (PFF)
Muhammad Ali Shah underlined the need
to take measures to reduce the impact of
the coal on the environment and focus on
the communities’ health living in the
vicinity. He started his speech with bold
highlighted words, “A full stop to all Public
finance to coal related projects”.

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Sahiwal Project
Where every project has some advantages, Sahiwal coal
power plant created some environmental issues the project
has caused raging temperatures and flooding as well as
agricultural, environmental and economic losses.

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 Sahiwal coal power plant includes issues such as damage to
agricultural fertile land, pollution of canal water and air pollution. In
addition to climatic contamination, coal consumption produces a
huge amount of toxic waste every year, including fly ash and land ash

Coal and coal squander items (counting fly and bottom ash and
evaporator slag) discharge roughly 20 harmful toxic elements,
including arsenic, mercury and lead which are hazardous if
discharged into the soil or water systems.

A local person • “we are not aware about the scientific damages of the
of the village coal power plant. But when we hang white cloth with
Mr. Abdullah a rope, it become black in few hours. So, how can they
said, say they are using super critical technology”.
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Advantages of Coal

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 Pakistan has coal resources in all its four
provinces, more than 95% are in Sindh. The
development of indigenous coal will provide the
following benefits.
• Electricity generation at large scale and may be at low cost
• Reduction of foreign exchange imbalance
• Availability of indigenous coal for making bricks, cement and
smokeless coal briquettes for domestic use to prevent
deforestation

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• Increased employment opportunities
• Self-sufficiency in energy supply
• Generating revenue for economic development and poverty
elimination
• Development of infrastructure set-up in the country
• Manufacturing of indigenous mining and power plant
machinery and equipment
• Transfer and adaptation of modern mining technology,
gaining mechanized mining experience
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disadvantages of Coal

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 Non-
• At some point, if we are continuously
renewabl using coal for our power and energy
• needs, it will eventually become depleted.
e • As a fossil fuel, there is a finite supply.
resource
High level • According to the EIA, coal with a carbon
content of 78% and a heating value of
of carbon 14,000 BTU would produce about 204.3
pounds of CO2 per 1 million BTU.
dioxide
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 Create high • A byproduct of burning coal for power, called
“coal ash,” produces radiation
levels of • A byproduct of burning coal for power, called
radiation “coal ash,” produces radiation

Coal
• A coal mining disease called “Black Lung” can
emissions are impact total lung capacity, is incurable, and is
linked to often fatal.
• People with Black Lung literally die of
health suffocation.
concerns
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 Coal
mines • Many coal mines use an open-cast
method, which causes local animal
cause habitats to be destroyed.
relocation • Green spaces, waterways, and other
spaces are impacted by coal
and pollution, which can eliminate fields
destructio and forests with fast devastation

n
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Limitations:
The coal of Pakistan is high in Sulphur and ash
contents.
The moisture percentage is also high in Sindh coal,
especially in the Thar coal.
Unavailability of the technologies required for the
drilling and mining of coal reserves.
Unavailability of the treatment and disposal methods
for coal energy plants

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Conclusion:
Coal Mining has had many developments over the recent years.

Technological advancement have made coal mining today more productive than it
has ever been before.

To cope up with the technology and to extract coal as efficiently as possible, the
mining personnel must be highly skilled and well trained in the use of complex,
state of the art instruments and equipment.

It is also necessary to know all these coal mining methods and their use to
enhance the power generation to fulfill the requirement of country.
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