Graphics 2.

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 What is a GPU?

 A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic

circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to
accelerate the creation of images.
 GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal
computers, workstations, and game consoles.
Nvidia GeForce 256
 A GPU can be present on a video card, or it can be embedded on
the motherboard or—in certain CPUs—on the CPU die.
 GPU was popularized by Nvidia in 1999, who marketed the
GeForce 256 as "the world's first GPU“.

Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti

ROG STRIX GTX 1080 Ti

 Integrated GPU
I-GPU

 I-GPU utilize a portion of a computer's system

RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory.
 It can be integrated onto the motherboard as part of
the chipset, or on the same die with the CPU (like
AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) or
Intel® HD Graphics).
 They are less costly to implement than dedicated
graphics processing but tend to be less capable
because they have to borrow resources from the GPU
system rather than use its own resources.

CPU
Discrete/Dedicated GPU
D-GPU

 A discrete GPU is a Graphics Processing Unit that is

not part of the CPU.
 The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that dedicated
graphics cards have RAM that is dedicated to the
card's use (VRAM), not to the fact that most
dedicated GPUs are removable.
 Dedicated GPUs can be found on laptops too, they
are usually connected through a property slot due to
the form factor of the computer and most of the time
they are not removable. This ports still be considered
PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface.
Switchable graphics

 The Switchable Graphics feature allows you

to switch between using an integrated
graphics and a discrete graphics controller in
the same computer.
 For example, you can switch between the
enhanced battery life of the integrated
graphics while running on laptop battery
power and the performance capabilities of
the discrete graphics controller while the
laptop is plugged into AC power.
Hybrid Graphics

 Hybrid-graphics is a concept involving two graphics

cards on the same computer. The laptop manufacturers
developed new technologies involving two graphic
cards in an single computer, with different abilities and
power consumption.
 Hybrid-graphics is developed to support both high
performance and power saving usages.
 The main difference between the switchable and the
hybrid graphics is that the hybrid can keep the 2 GPU
working at the same time and the switchable can enable
one or the other not both at the same time.
How does Graphics
work?
Raster graphics
 Raster graphics or bitmap images is a dot
matrix data structure, representing a
generally rectangular grid of pixels, or
points of color, viewable via
a monitor, paper, or other display
medium.
 The smiley face is a raster image. When
enlarged, individual pixels appear as
squares. Zooming in further, they can be
analyzed, with their colors constructed by
adding the values for red, green and blue.
What is a Pixel?
 A pixel is generally thought of as the
smallest single component of a
digital image.
 To make a 3-D image, the graphics
card first creates a wire frame out of
straight lines. Then, it rasterizes the
image (fills in the remaining pixels).
It also adds lighting, texture and
color.
 A pixel does not need to be rendered
as a small square.
 Color Depth
 Color Depth is either the number
of bits used to indicate the color of
a single pixel, in a bitmapped
image or video frame buffer, or the
number of bits used for each color
component of a single pixel.
 The number of distinct colors that
can be represented by a pixel
depends on the number of bits per
pixel (bpp).
Rendering

 Rendering or image synthesis is

the automatic process of generating
a photorealistic or non-
photorealistic image from a 2D or
3D model.
 Also, the results of displaying such
a model can be called a render.
Aspect Ratio

 The aspect ratio of an image

describes the proportional
relationship between its width and
its height.
 It is commonly expressed as two
numbers separated by a colon, as
in 16:9.
Image Resolution

 Display Resolution is the number

of distinct pixels in each dimension
(horizontal x vertical) that can be
displayed.
 Screen resolutions are bound to
aspect ratios. 1920x1080 (Full HD)
is a resolution best suited for 16:9
aspect ratio.
Frames Per Second
(FPS)
 Is the frequency (rate) at which
consecutive images called frames being
processed by the GPU appear on a display.
 Is expressed in frames per second (FPS).

Refresh Rate
 Refresh rate is the number of times in a second
that a display hardware refresh itself.
 Is expressed in cycles per second, Hertz (Hz)
 vSync
 vSync stands for Vertical
Synchronization.
 If the Refresh Rate is not able to
match the Frame Rate, there will be a
synchronization problem with the
video displayed. This would often
caused a phenomenon called “Screen
Tearing”.
 vSync will lock the Frames per
Second to match a given refresh rate.